Sabbe, K, V.A. Chepurnov, D.G. Mann, and W. Vyverman. 2004. Sexual behaviour and chloroplast dynamics in a marine Amphora (Bacillariophyceae) studied in culture. Botanica Marina. 47: 53–63.

Sabbe, K., V.A. Chepurnov, W. Vyverman, and D.G. Mann. 2004. Apomixis in Achnanthes (Bacillariophyceae); development of a model system for diatom reproductive biology. European Journal of Phycology. 39: 327–341.

Sabeti, P. C., P. Varilly, B. Fry, J. Lohmueller, E. Hostetter, C. Cotsapas, X. Xie, E. H. Byrne, S. A. McCarroll, R. Gaudet, S. F. Schaffner, E. S. Lander, and The International HapMap Consortium. 2007. Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations. Nature. 449: 913-919. [C]

Sabovljevic, M. 2004, Comparison of the bryophyte flora of the three southern European mainlands: the Iberian, the Apennine and the Balkan peninsulas: Braun-Blanquetia. 34 21–28.

Sáchez-Pérez, G. F., J. M. Bautista, and M. A. Pajares. 2004. Methionine Adenosyltransferase as a Useful Molecular Systematics Tool Revealed by Phlogenetic and Structural Analyses. Journal of Molecular Biology. 335: 693-706. [C, L]

Saga, Y., and K. Yanagisawa. 1982. Macrocyst Development in Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Cell Sci. 55:  341-352. [C,L]

Sagan, D., and L. Margulis. 2001, Eukaryotes, origin of: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. 2: 623–633.

Sagan, L. 1967. On the origin of mitosing cells. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 14: 225–275. 

Sahney, S. and M. J. Benton.  2008.  Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time.  Proceedings of the Royal Society B.  275: 759-765.

Sahney, S. and M. V. H. Wilson. 2001. Extrinsic labyrinth infillings imply open endolymphatic ducts in lower Devonian osteostracans, acanthodians, and putative chondrichthyans. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(4): 660-669. [C]

Saidasan, H, D. G Schaefer, A Finka, J.-P Zÿrd, and M Lawton. 2004, [Abstract] Physcopathology: programmed cell death and defense responses of Physcomitrella patens, p. 26: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Saidi, Y, P Golouobinoff, and J.-P Zÿrd. 2004, [Abstract] High conditional expression of recombinant protein in Physcomitrella patens using a soybean heat-shock promoter, p. 48: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Saint-Exupery, A. 1943. Le petit prince. Reynal and Hitchcock. New York, NY.

Saito, A., M. Kawahara, S. Ikeda, M. Ishimine, S. Akao, and K. Minamisawa. 2008. Broad Distribution and Phylogeny of Anaerobic Endophytes of Cluster XIVa Clostridia in Plant Species Including Crops. Microbes Environ. 23(1): 73-80.

Saiz, E., P. Tiselius, P. R. Jonsson, P. Verity, and G.A. Paffenhöfer. 1993. Experimental records of the effects of food patchiness and predation on egg production of Acartia tonsa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 280-289. [L]

Sakaguchi, M., Y. Inagaki, and T. Hashimoto. 2007. Centrohelida is still searching for a phylogenetic home: analyses of seven Raphidophyrs contractilis genes. Gene. 405: 47-54.

Sakuguchi, M., K. Takishita, T. Matsumoto, T. Hashimoto, and Y. Inagaki.  2008. Tracing back EFL gene evoultion in the cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage: Separate origins of EFL genes in haptophytes, photosynthetic cryptomonads, and goniomonads. Gene. 441: 126-131.

Sakarya, O., K. A. Armstrong, M. Adamska, M. Adamski, I. F. Wang, B. Tidor, B. M. Degnan, T. H. Oakley, K. S. Kosik. 2007. A post-synaptic scaffold at the origin of the Animal Kingdom. PLoS ONE. 6: e506. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000506

Saldarriaga, J. F, M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor, and P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyhrris marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355-365. 

Saldarriaga, J. F., F. J. R. Taylor, P. J. Keeling, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2001. Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53: 204-213. 

Saldarriaga, J.F.,  M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Talyor and P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53:355-365. [C]

Salo, E., J. Tauler, E. Jimenez, J. R. Bayascas, J. Gonzalez-Linares, J. Garcia-Fernandez, and J. Baguna. 2001. Hox and ParaHox genes in flatworms: characteristics and expression. American Zoolology. 41: 652-663.

Salomon, P.S., S. Janson, and E. Granéli. 2003. Parasitism of Dinophysis norvegica by Amoebophrya sp. in the Baltic Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 33:  163-172. [C]

Sambanis, A., S. Pavlou, et al. 1987. Coexistence of Bacteria and Feeding Ciliates: Growth of Bacteria on Autochthonous Substrates as a Stabilizing Factor for Coexistence. Biotechnology and Bioengineering XXIX. (29):714-728.

Sampson, F. B. 1993. Pollen morphology of the Amborellaceae and Hortoniaceae (Hortonioideae, Monimiaceae). Grana. 32:154-162.

Samuelson, J. 2002. What Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia tell us about the evolution of eukaryotic diversity. Journal of Bioscience. 27(6): 559-565. [C]

Sanchez-Puerta, M. V., J. C. Lippmeier, K. E. Apt, and C. F. Delwiche. 2007. Plastid Gene in a Non-Photosynthetic Dinoflagellate. Protist. 158:  105-117. [C]

Sander, K. 2002. Ernst Haeckel’s ontogenetic recapitulation: irritation and incentive from 1866 to our time. Annals of Anatomy. 184: 523-533. 

Sanders, R.W. and S.A. Wickham. 1993. Planktonic protozoa and metazoa: predation, food quality and popualtion control. Marine Microbial Food Webs 7: 197-223.

Sanders, W. B. 2004. Bacteria, algae, and phycobiants: maintainging useful concepts and terminology. The Lichenologist. 36(5): 269-275. [C]

Sanders, W. B. 2001. Lichens:  the interface between mycology and plant morphology. BioScience. 51(12):  1025-1035. [C,L]

Sanderson, M.J. 2002. Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized likelihood approach. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19(1): 101-109. [C]

Sanderson, M. J. and M. J. Donoghue. 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution. 43: 1781–1795.

Sanderson, M. J. and M. J. Donoghue. 1994. Shifts in diversification rate with the origin of Angiosperms. Science. 264:1590-1593. [L]

Sanderson, M. J. and A. C. Driskell. 2003. The challenge of constructing large phylogenetic trees. Trends in Plant and Science. 8(8): 374-379. [C]

Sanderson, M. J., A. Purvis, and C. Henze. 1998. Phylogenetic supertrees: Assembling the trees of life. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13: 105-109.

Sanderson, M. J., J. L. Thorne, N. Wikstrom, and K. Bremer. 2004. Molecular evidence on plant divergence times. American Journal of Botany. 91(10): 1656-1665. [C,L]

Sanderson, M. J., M. F. Wojciechowski, J. M. Hu, T. S. Khan, and S. G. Brady. 2000. Error, bias, and long-branch attraction in data for two chloroplast photosystem genes in seed plants. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17:782-797. [C]

Sandford, F. 2003. Physical and chemical analysis of the siliceous skeletons in six sponges of two groups (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida). Microscopy Research and Technique. 62:336-355. [C]

Sandgren, C.D. 1991. Chrysophyte reproduction and resting cysts: a paleolimnologist’s primer. Journal of Paleolimnology. 5:1-9. [C]

Sandgren, C. D., J. P. Smol, and J. Kristiansen. editors. 1995. Chrysophyte algae: ecology, phylogeny and development. Cambridge University Press, New York. [L]

Sandon, H. 1927. The composition and distribution of the protozoan fauna of the soil. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.

Sankoff, D.  2001.  Gene and genome duplication.  Current Opinion in Genetics & Development.  11: 681-684.

Sansom, I. J., H. A. Armstrong, and M. P. Smith. 1994. The apparatus architecture of Panderodus and its implications for coniform conodont classification. Palaeontology. 37: 781–799.

Sansom, I. J., P. C. J. Donoghue, and G. L. Albanesi. 2005. Histology and affinity of the earliest armoured vertebrate. Biology Letters. 2: 446-449.

Sansom, I. J. and D. K. Elliott. 2002. A thelodont from the Ordovician of Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22: 867-870. [C]

Sansom, I. J., M. M. Smith, and M. P. Smith. 1996. Scales of thelodont and shark-like fishes from the Ordovician of Colorado. Nature. 379: 628-630. [C]

Sansom, I. J., M. M. Smith, and M. P. Smith. 2001. The Ordovician radiation of vertebrates In: P. E. Ahlberg, ed. Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution. Taylor and Francis. London. pp. 156-171. 

Sansom, R. S.  2009.  Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata).  Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.  7(1): 95-115.

Sansom, R. S., S. E. Gabbott, and M. A. Purnell. 2010. Non-random decay of chordate characters causes bias in fossil interpretation. Nature Letters. 463: 79-80. [C]

Sansom, R. S., S. A. Rodygin, and P. C. J. Donoghue. 2008. The anatomy, affinity and phylogenetic significance of Ilemoraspis kirkinskayae (Osteostraci) from the Devonian of Siberia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3): 613-625. [C]

Santiago-Blay, J. A., S. R. Anderson, and R. T. Buckley.  2005.  Possible implications of two new angiosperm flowers from the Brumese amber (Lower Cretaceous) for well-established and diversified insect-plant associations.  Entomological News.  116(5): 341-346.

Santos, G. M., A. Alexandre, H. H. G. Coe, P. E. Reyerson, J. R. Southon, and C. N. De Carvalho.  2010.  The phytolith 14C puzzle: a tale of background determinations and accuracy tests.  Radiocarbon: 52(1): 113-128.

Santos, L. M. A. and G. F. Leedale. 1991. Vischeria stellata (Eustigmatophyceae): ultrastructure of the zoospores with special reference to the flagellar apparatus. Protoplasma. 164: 160-167.

Santos, S. R., D. J. Taylor, R. A. Kinzie, III, M. Hidaka, K. Sakai, and M. A. Coffroth.  2002.  Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates inferred from partial chloroplast large subunit (23S)-rDNA sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.  23: 97-111.

Sapp, J. 1994. Evolution by association: a history of symbiosis. OUP Inc., New York.

Saruhashi, S., K. Hamada, D. Miyata, T. Horiike, and T. Shinozawa. 2008. Comprehensive analysis of the origin of eukaryotic genomes. Genes & Genetic Systems. 83: 285-291. [C]

Sato, Y, M Hasebe, M Wada, and A Kadota. 2004, [Abstract] Live cell imaging of microtubules and actin filaments in Physcomitrella patens, p. 23: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Sato, S., T. Nagumo, and J. Tanaka. 2004. Auxophore formation and the morphology of the initial cell of the marine araphid diatom gephyria media (bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 40: 684-691. 

Satta, M.P., S. Agustí, M.P. Mura, D. Vaqué, and C.M. Duarte. 1996. Microplankton respiration and net community metabolism in a bay on the NW Mediterranean coast. Aquatic Microbiology and Ecology. 10:165-172.

Saunders G. W. and J. C. Bailey. 1997. Phylogenesis of pit-plug associated features in the Rhodophyta: inferences from molecular systematic data. Canadian Journal of Botany. 75: 1436-1436 [L]

Saunders G. W. and J. C. Bailey. 1999. Molecular systematic analyses indicate that the enigmatic Apophlaea is a member of the Hildenbrandiales (Rhodophyta, Florideophycidae). Journal of Phycology. 35: 171-171. [L]

Saunders G. W., A. Chiovitti, and G. T. Kraft. 2004. Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 3. Recognizing the Gigartinales sensu stricto. Canadian Journal of Botany. 82: 43-43. [C,L]

Saunders G. W. and L. D. Druehl. 1992. Nucleotide sequences of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes from selected Laminariales (Phaeophyta): implications for kelp evolution. Journal of Phycology. 28: 544-544. [L] 

Saunders, G. W., D. R. A. Hill, J. P. Sexton, and R. A. Andersen. 1997. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences from selected dinoflagellates: testing classical evolutionary hypotheses with molecular systematic methods.  In: Bhattacharya, D. Origins of Algae and their Plastids (Plant Systematics and Evolution Supplement). Springer Verlag. Vienna. pp. 237-259.

Saunders, G. W. and M. H. Hommersand. 2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany. 91(10): 1494-1507. [C,L]

Saunders G. W., G. Kraft, I. H. Tan, and L. D. Druehl. 1992. When is a family not a family? BioSystems. 28: 109-109.

Saunders G. W. and G. T. Kraft. 1994. Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 1. Evidence for the Plocamiales ord. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany. 72: 1250-1250. [L]

Saunders G. W. and G. T. Kraft. 1996. Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 2. Recognition of the Halymeniales ord. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany. 74: 694-694. [L] 

Saunders G. W. and G. T. Kraft. 1997. A molecular perspective on red algal evolution: focus on the Florideophycidae. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement). 11: 115–138.

Saunders G. W. and G. T. Kraft. 2002. Two new Australian species of Predaea (Nemastomataceae, Rhodophyta) with taxonomic recommendations for an emended Nemastomatales and expanded Halymeniales. Journal of Phycology. 38: 1245-1245. [L]

Saunders, G. W., D. Potter, M. P. Paskind, and R. A. Andersen. 1995. Cladistic analyses of combined traditional and molecular data sets reveal an algal lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 92: 244–248. [C] [L]

Saunders, R. M. K. 1995. Systematics of the genus Illicium L. (Illiciaceae) in Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 117:333-352.

Saunders, R. M. K. 1998. Monograph of Kadsura (Schisandraceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 54. The American Society of Plant Taxonomists. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Saunders, R. M. K. 2000. Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 58. The American Society of Plant Taxonomists. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Saunders, R. M. K. 2001. Schisandraceae. Species Plantarum: Flora of the World 4. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study.

Sauter, D., M. Vogl, and F. Kirchhoff. 2011. Ancient Origin of a Deletion in Human BST2/ Tetherin that Confers Protection Against Viral Zoonoses. Human Mutation. 32 (11): 1243- 1245. 

Savage, J.M. 1995. Systematics and the biodiversity crisis. BioScience. 45:673-679. [C,L]

Säve-Söderbergh, G. 1934. Some points of view concerning the evolution of the vertebrates and the classification of this group. Archiv für Zoologi. 26A (17): 1-20.

Säve-Söderberg, G. 1936. On the morphology of Triassic stegocephalians from Spitsbergen, and the interpretation of the endocranium in the Labyrinthodontia. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar. 3:1-181.

Savolainen, V., M. F. Fay, D. C. Albach, A. Backlund, M. van der Bank, K. M. Cameron, S. A. Johnson, M. D. Lledó, J.-C. Pintaud, M. Powell, M. C. Sheahan, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, P. Weston, W. M. Whitten, K. J. Wurdack, and M. W. Chase. 2000b. Phylogeny of the Eudicots: a Nearly Complete Familial Analysis Based on rbcl Gene Sequences. Kew Bulletin. 55:257-309.

Savolainen, V., M. W. Chase, S. B. Hoot, C. M. Morton, D. E. Soltis, C. Bayer, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, S. Sullivan, and Y. L. Qiu. 2000a. Phylogenetics of Flowering Plants Based on Combined Analysis of Plastid atpB and rbcL gene Sequences. Systematic Biology. 49:306-362.

Savolainen, V., and M. W. Chase. 2003. A decade of progress in plant molecular phylogenetics. TRENDS in Genetics. 19(12): 717-724. [C]

Sawyer, S., J. Krause, K. Guschanski, V. Savolainen, and S. Paabo.  2012.  Temporal patterns of nucleotide misincorporations and DNA fragmentation in ancient DNA.  PLoS ONE.  7(3): 1-7.

Sawstrom, C., W. Graneli, J. Laybourn-Parry, and A. M. Anesio. 2007. High Viral infection Rates in Antarctic and Arctic Bacterioplankton. Environmental Microbiology. 9(1): 250-255. [C, L]

Saxena, A. 2004, [Abstract] Regional bio-monitoring and trend of atmospheric precipitation on Kumaon Hills by moss Sphagnum. Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 40: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Scagel, R. F., R. J. Bandoni, G. E. Rouse, W. B. Schofield, J. R. Stein, and T. M. C. Taylor. 1969. Plant Diversity, An Evolutionary Approach. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA. [C]

Scagel, R. F., R. J. Bandoni, G. E. Rouse, W. B. Schofield, J. R. Stein, and T. M. C. Taylor. 1984. Plant Diversity, An Evolutionary Approach. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA. [C]

Scagel, R. F., R. J. Bandoni, J. R. Maze, G. E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, and J. R. Stein. 1982. Nonvascular Plants. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California. [C]

Schaap, P., T.Winckler, M. Nelson, E. Alvarez-Curto, B. Elgie, H. Hagiwara, J. Cavender, A. Milano-Curto, D.E. Rozen, T. Dingermann, R. Mutzel, and S. Baldauf. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of morphology in the social amoebas. Science. 314:661-663.

Schad, W. 1993. Heterochronical patterns of evolution in the transitional stages of vertebrate classes. Acta Biotheoretica. 41: 383-389. [C]

Schaeffer, B. 1965. The evolution of concepts related to the origin of amphibia. Systematic Zoology. 14: 115-118. [C]

Schaeffer, B. 1968. The origin and basic radiation of the Osteichthyes. In: Ørvig, T., ed. Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny. Almqvist and Wiksell. Stockholm. pp. 207-222.

Schaeffer, B. 1975. Comments on the origin and basic radiation of the gnathostome fishes with particular reference to the feeding mechanism. In: Lehman, J.P., ed. Promblèmes actuels de Paléontologie, Colloques international du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 218: 101-109.

Schaeffer, B. 1981. The xenacanth shark neurocranium, with comments on elasmobranch monophyly. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 169:1-66.

Schaeffer, B. and K. S. Thomson. 1980a. Reflections on agnathan- gnathostome relationships. In: L. L. Jacobs, ed. Aspects of Vertebrate History. University of Northern Arizona Press. Flagstaff. pp 19–33.

Schaeffer, B. and K. S. Thomson. 1980b. Aspects of Vertebrate Life. In: L. L. Jacobs, ed. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff, AZ.  pp. 787–789. 

Schaepe, A. 2004. Bericht vom 4. Brandenburgischen Mooskartierungstreffen in Groß Fredenwalde (Uckermark). Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins von Berlin und Brandenburg. 137 335–339.

Schaepe, A. and W. Petrick. 2004. Exkursionsbericht “Mooskundliche Exkursion der Interessengemeinschaft Märkischer Bryologen in die Calauer Schweiz” am 27.09.2003. Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins von Berlin und Brandenburg. 137: 369–372.

Schäfer-Verwimp, A. 2004. The genus Diplasiolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiopsida) in the tropical Andes, with description of two new species. Cryptogamie Bryologie. 25 3–17. 

Schaffer, J. H. 1905. The life cycle of a heterosporous pteridophyte. The Ohio Naturalist. 5 (3):256-260. [C]

Schantz, E.J. and E.A. Johnson. 1992. Properties and Use of Botulinum Toxin and Other Microbial Neurotoxins in Medicine. American Society for Microbiology. 56(1): 80-99.

Scharff-Goldhaber, G. 1987. Reflections on gender science: Keller, E. F. (Review). American Journal of Physics. 55(3): 284-286. [C]

Schaudinn, F. 1899. Untersuchungen uber den Generations wechsel von Trichosphaerium sieboldi. Schin. Abh. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. (Suppl.): 1-93.

Schaumann, F., W. Frey, T. Pfeiffer, and M. Stech. 2004, [Abstract] Molecular phylogeny of the Pallaviciniaceae. In: S. R. Gradstein, J. Heinrichs and R. Wilson, orgs. Bryophylogeny 2004. 10–12 September. Second International Symposium on Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany. p. 10.

Scheckler, S. E. and J. Galtier. 2003. Tyloses and ecophysiology of the early carboniferous progymnosperm tree Protopitys buchiana. Annals of Botany. 91: 739-747. [C]

Scheffler, W. and G. Morabito. 2003. Topical observations on centric diatoms (Bacillariophyceae, Centrales) of Lake Como (n. Italty). Journal of Limnology. 62(1):47-60. [C]

Scherffel A. 1901. Phaeocystis globosa nov. spec., nebst einigen Betrachtungen über die Phylogenie niederer, unsbesondere brauner Organismen. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen Abteilung Helgoland. 4: 1-29.

Schierwater, B. and R. DeSalle. 2018. Placozoa. Current Biology. 28: R97-R98.

Schierwater, B., M. Eitel, W. Jakob, H-J. Osigus, H. Hadrys, S. L. Delaporta, S-O. Kolokotronis, and R. DeSalle. 2009a. Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern “Urmetazoon” hypothesis. PLoS Biol. 7(1): e1000020. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000020. [C]

Schierwater, B. S-O. Kolokotronis, M. Eitel, and R. DeSalle. 2009b. The diploblast-bilateria sister hypothesis. Communicative and Integrative Biology. 2(5): 1-3. [C]

Schierwater, B., D. de Jong, R. DeSalle. 2009c. Placozoa and the evolution of Metazoa and intrasomatic cell differentiation.  International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 4: 370-379. [C]

Schierwater, B. and K. Kamm. 2010. The Early Evolution of Hox Genes: A Battle of Belief? Hox Genes: Studies from the 20th to the 21st Century. p81-90.

Schill, D. B, D. G Long, M Moeller, and J Squirrell. 2004, Phylogenetic relationships between Lophoziaceae and Scapaniaceae based on chloroplast sequences: Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 98 141–149.

Schill, R. O., G. H. B. Steinbruck, and H.-R. Kohler. 2004. Stress gene (hsp70) sequences and quantitative expression in Milnesium tardigradum (Tardigrada) during active and cryptobiotic stages.  Journal of Experimental Biology. 207: 1607-1613. [C]

Schiller, J. 1954. Neue Mikrophyten aus künstlichen betonierten Wasserbehältern, part 2. Mitteilung über neue Cyanosen. Archiv für Protistenkunde. 100: 116-126.

Schimel, J. 2004. Playing scales in the methane cycle: from microbial ecology to the globe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 101(34): 12400-12401.

Schlegel, M. and N. Hülsmann. 2007. Protists-a textbook example for a paraphyletic taxon. Organisms, Diversity, & Evolution. 7: 166-172.

Schlesner, H. C. Bartels, M. Sittig, M. Dorsch, and E. Stackebrandt. 1990. Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on a new taxon of budding, hyphal Proteobacteria, Hirschia baltica gen. nov., sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40(4): 443-451. [C, L]

Schlegel, M. 1998, Diversität und Phylogenie der Protisten—aufgedeckt mit molekularen Merkmalen: Stapfia. 56 105–118.

Schlegel, M. 2003. Phylogeny of eukaryotes recovered with molecular data: highlights and pitfalls: European Journal of Protistology. 39(2): 113–122. [C]

Schleiden, M.J. 1838. Beitrage zur phytogenesis. Veit et Comp, Berlin.

Schlegel, M., J. Lom, A. Stechmann, D. Bernhard, D. Leipe, I. Dykova, and M. L. Sogin. 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of complete small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region of Myxidium lieberkuehni: Evidence that Myxozoa are Metazoa and related to the bilateria. Archiv für Protistenkunde. 147:1-9.

Schlesinger, M. 2008.  Heterochrony: It’s (all) about time!  Proceedings of the Eighth Interantional Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems.  111-117.  

Schmid, A.-M. M. 2003a. Endobacteria in the diatom Pinnularia (Bacillariophyceae). I. “Scattered ct-nucleoids” explained: DAPI–DNA complexes stem from exoplastidial bacteria boring into the chloroplasts. Journal of Phycology. 39: 122-138.

Schmid, A.-M. M. 2003b. Endobacteria in the diatom Pinnularia (Bacillariophyceae). II. Host cell cycle-dependent translocation and transient chloroplast scars. Journal of Phycology. 39: 139-153.

Schmid, R. 2004, [Review] Crum, Howard (Alvin). 28 May 2004. Mosses of the Great Lakes Forest, 4th ed: Taxon. 53 868 

Schmidt, E. E., A. A. Bondareva, J. R. Radke, and M. R. Capecchi. 2003. Fundamental cellular processes do not require vertebrate-specific sequences within the TATA-binding protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278: 6168-6174.

Schmidt, H. 1934. Conodonten-Funde in ursprünglichem zusammenhang. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 16: 76–85.

Schmidt, M. and H. A. W. Schneider-Poetsch. 2002. The evolution of gymnosperms redrawn by phytochrome genes: the Gnetatae appear at the base of the gymnosperms. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 54:715-724.

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 1997.  Nematomorpha. In: Schwoerbel, J. and P. Zwick, eds. Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Vol 4/4. Gustav Fisher Verlag. Stuttgart. pp. 1-124.

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the Nematomorpha – a discussion of current hypotheses. Zoologischer Anzeiger 236:203-216.

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2002. Two dimensions of biodiversity research exemplifoed by Nematomorpha and Gastrotricha. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42: 633-640.

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2003. Old trees, new trees- is there any progress? Zoology. 106: 291-301. [C]

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., T. Bartolomaeus, C. Lemburg, U. Ehlers, and J. R. Garey. 1998. The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system. Journal of Morphology. 238:263-285.

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. D. G. Biron, C. Joly, and F. Thomas. 2005. Host-parasite relations and seasonal occurrence of Paragordius tricuspidatus and Spinochordodes tellinii (Nematomorpha) in Southern France. Zoologischer Anzeiger – A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 244: 51-57. [C]

Schmidt, S. K., R. Smith, et al. 1992. Interactions of bacteria and microflagellates in sequencing batch reactors exhibiting enhanced mineralization of toxic organic chemicals. Microbial Ecology. 23:127-142. [L]

Schmidt, S.K., and M. Alexander. 1985. Effects of dissolved organic carbon and second substrates on the biodegradation of organic compounds at low concentrations. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 49:822-827. [L]

Schmidt, S.K., and M.J. Gier. 1990. Coexisting bacterial populations responsible for multiphasic mineralisation kinetics in soil. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 56:2692-2697. [L]

Schmidt, S.K., S. Simkins, and M. Alexander. 1985. Models for the kinetics of biodegradation of organic compounds not supporting growth. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 50:323-331. [L]

Schmitt, D. 2003. Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of human and other primates. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206: 1437-1448. [C]

Schmitz F. 1892 [6. Klasse Rhodophyceae] 2. Unterklasse Florideae. In A. Engler [ed.], Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch– pharmaceutische Botanik. Grosse Ausgabe, 16–23. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, Germany.

Schmitz, J., Ohme, M., Suryobroto, B., and H. Zischler. 2002. The colugo (Cynocephalus variegatus, Dermoptera): the primates’ gliding sister? Molecular Biololgy and Evolution. 19(12): 2308-2312.

Schneebeli-Hermann, E. 2012.  Extinguishing a Permian world.  Geology. 40: 287-288.

Schneider, E. L., S. Carlquist, K. Beamer, and A. Kohn. 1995. Vessels in Nymphaeaceae: Nuphar, Nymphaea, and Ondinea. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 156:857-862.

Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallon, and R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversification in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature. 428: 553-557. [C]

Schneider, H., A. R. Smith, and K. M. Pryer. 2009. Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny? Systematic Botany. 34(3): 455-475. [C]

Schnell, G. D. 1970. A phenetic study of the suborder Lari (Aves). I. Methods and results of principal components analyses. Systematic Zoology. 19(1): 35-57. [C]

Schnepf, E. and R. M. Brown, Jr. 1971.  On relationships between endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids and mitochondria. In: J. Reinert and H. Ursprung, eds. Origin and Continuity of Cell Organelles. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. pp. 299-322.

Schnepf, E. and G. Deichgräber. 1969. Über die Feinstruktur von Synura petersenii unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Morphogenese ihrer Kieselschuppen. Protoplasma. 68: 85-106.

Schnepf, E., G. Deichgräber, G. Röderer, and W. Herth. 1977. The flagellar root apparatus, the microtubular system and associated organelles in the chrysophycean flagellate, Poterioochromonas malhamensis Peterfi (syn. Poteriochromonas stipitata Scherffel and Ochromonas malhamensis Pringsheim). Protoplasma. 92: 87-107.

Schnepf, E., and M. Elbrachter. 1988. Cryptophycean-like double membrane-bound chloroplast in the dinoflagellate, Dinophysis Ehrenb.: evolutionary, phylogenetic and lexicological implications. Botanica Acta. 101: 196-203.

Schnepf, E., S. Winter, and D. Mollenhauer. 1989. Gymnodinium aeruginosum (Dinophyta): a blue-green dinoflagellate with a vestigial, anucleate, crytophycean endosymbiont. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 164: 75-91. [C]

Schoch, C. L., G. Sung, F. Lopez-Giralez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hoftetter, B. Robberse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Want, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. H. Lumbsch, R. Lucking, B. Budel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Vockmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O’Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni, and J. W Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology. 58(2): 224-239. [C]

Schoch, R. R. 2002. The early formation of the skull in extant and Paleozoic amphibians. Paleobiology. 28(2): 278-296. 

Schoch, R. R. and R. L. Carroll. 2003. Ontogenetic evidence for the Paleozoic ancestry of salamanders. Evolution and Development. 5(3): 314-324. 

Schoch, R. R. and H-D. Sues. 2015. A Middle triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan. Nature. 523: 584-591.

Schofield, W. B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York. [L]

Schollaert, S. E. T. Rossby, and J. A. Yoder. 2004. Gulf Stream cross-frontal exchange: possible mechanisms to explain interannual variations in phyoplankton chlorophyll in the Slope Sea during the SeaWiFS years. Deep-Sea Research II. 51: 173-188. [C]

Scholtz, G. 2002. The Articulata hypothesis–or what is a segment? Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 2: 197-215.

Scholtz, G. and G.D. Edgecombe. 2005. Heads, Hox and the phylogenetic position of trilobites. Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships. 16(16):139-165.

Schon, I, and K. Martens.  2003.  No slave to sex.  Proceedings of the Royal Society B.  270: 827-833.

Schönknecht, G., W. Chen, C. M. Ternes, G. G. Barbier, R. P. Shrestha, M. Stanke, A. Bräutigam, B. J. Baker, J. F. Banfield, R. M. Garavito, K. Carr, C. Wilkerson, S. A. Rensing, D. Gagneul, N. E.Dickenson, C. Oesterhelt, M. J. Lercher, A. P. M. Weber. 2013. Gene transfer from Bacteria and Archaea facilitated evolution of an extremophilic eukaryote. Science. 339: 1207-1209.

Schopf, J.W. 2006. Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B. 361: 869-885.

Schram, F. R. and J. W. Hedgepeth. 1978. Locomotory mechanisms in Antarctic pycnogonids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 63(1-2): 145-170.

Schram, F. R. and S. Koenemann. 2004. Are the crustacenas monophyletic? In: Cracraft, J. and M. J. Donoghue, eds. 2004. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 319-329. [C]

Schröder, C. J., F. S. Medioli, and D. B. Scott. 1989. Fragile absyssal foraminifera (including new Komokiacea) from the Nares Abyssal Plain. Micropaleontology. 35 (1): 10-48 [C]

Schubert, R. 2004, Moosgesellschaften der Fließgewässer im Einzugsgebiet der Oder und Sieber im Nationalpark Harz (Niedersachsen): Hercynia N.F. 37 19–43. 

Schuchert, P. 1993. Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has cells that react with antibodies against the neuropeptide RFamide. Acta Zoologica. 74: 115–117.

Schuette, S. 2004. [Review] Bischler, Helene. Liverworts of the Mediterranean: Ecology, diversity and distribution. 2004. The Bryologist. 107: 593–594. 

Schuettpelz, E., P. Korall, K. M. Pryer. 2006. Plastid atpA data provide improved support for deep relationships among ferns. Taxon. 55 (4): 897-906. 

Schuettpelz, E. and K. M. Pryer. 2007. Fern phylogeny inferred from 400 leptosporangiate species and three plastid genes. Taxon. 56 (4): 1037-1050. 

Schuettpelz, E. and K. M. Pryer. 2008. Fern phylogeny. In: Ranker, T. A. and C. H. Haufler, eds. Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp. 395-416.

Schülke, I. 1997. Conodont clusters and multielement reconstructions from the Upper Kellwasser horizon at La Serre (Late Frasnian, Montagne Noire, Southern France). Geologica et Palaeontologica. 31: 37–66.

Schülke, I. 1999. Conodont multielement reconstructions from the early Fammenian (Late Devonian) of the Montagne Noire (Southern France). Geologica et Palaeontologica. SB. 3: 1–124.

Schultze, H.-P. 1996. Conodont histology: an indicator of vertebrate relationship? Modern Geology. 20: 275–285.

Schultze, H.-P. 2009. Interpretation of marine and freshwater paleoenvironments in Permo-coniferous deposits. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 281: 126-136. 

Schultze, H.-P. and S. Cumbaa. 2001. Dialipina and the characters of basal actinopterygians. In: Ahlberg, P.E., ed. Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution. Taylor and Francis. London. pp.315-332.

Schulze, F. E. 1883. Trichoplax adhaerens, nov. gen., nov. spec. Zoologischer Anzeiger – A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 6: 92–97.

Schultze, M. S. 1851. Beitra ge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien. C. A. Koch. Greifswald, Germany.

Schumann, E, R Reski, and S. A Rensing. 2004, [Abstract] Alternative splicing in Physcomitrella patens, p. 66: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Schüßler, A. D. Schwarzott, and C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research. 105(12): 1413-1421. [C]

Schuster, F. L. 1990. Rhizopoda. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 3-18. [L]

Schuster, M., P. Durunger, J-F. Ghienne, P. Vignaud, H. S. Mackaye, A. Likius, M. Brunet. 2006. The age of the Sahara Desert. Science. 311: 821. [C]

Schuster, R. M. 1984. Morphology, phylogeny and classification of the Anthocerotae. Hattori Botanical Laboratory. Nichinan,  Japan.

Schuster, R. M. 1992. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian, Vol. VI.  Field Museum.Chicago.

Schut, F., E. J. DeVries, J. C. Gottschal, B. R. Robertson, W. Harder, R. A. Prins, and D. K. Button. 1993. Isolation of typical marine bacteria by dilution culture: growth, maintenance, and characteristics of isolates under laboratory conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 59:2150-2160. [L]

Schut, F., P. A. Rudolf, and J. C. Gottschal. 1997. Oligotrophy and pelagic marine bacteria: facts and fiction. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 12:177-202. 

Schwab, W. E. 1977 The Ontogeny of Swimming Behavior in the Scyphozoan, Aurelia Aurita. I. Electrophysiological Analysis. Biology Bulletin.  152: 233-250. [C]

Schwann, T. 1839. Microscopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin.

Schwartz, R. M. and M. O. Dayhoff. 1978. Origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Science. 199: 395-401. [C,L]

Schwartz, V. 1984. The radial polar pattern of differentiation in Trichoplax adhaerens F. E. Schulze (Placozoa). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C. 39:818–832.

Schwarzbach, A. E. and L. A. McDade.  2002.  Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family Avicenniaceae based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.  Systematic Botany.  27(1): 84-98.

Schween, G, M von Stackelberg, C Reinhard, and R Reski. 2004, [Abstract] Gene-ID in Physcomitrella patens, p. 63: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Scott, A. and I. J. Glasspool. 2006. The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 103: 10861-10865. [C]

Scott, H. W. 1934. The zoological relationships of the conodonts. Journal of Paleontology. 8: 448–455.

Scott, H. W. 1969. Discoveries bearing on the nature of the conodont animal. Micropaleontology. 15: 420-426.

Scott J. L. and S. Broadwater. 1989. Ultrastructure of vegetative organization and cell division in the freshwater red alga Compsopogon. Protoplasma. 152: 112-122.

Scott J. L. S., T. Broadwater, B. D. Saunders, and J. P. Thomas 1992 Ultrastructure of vegetative organization and cell division in the unicellular red alga Dixoniella grisea gen. nov. (Rhodophyta) and a consideration of the genus Rhodella. Journal of Phycology. 28: 649-649 [L]

Scott J. L. and S. Broadwater. 1990. Cell division. In K. M. Cole and R. G. Sheath [eds.], Biology of the red algae, 123–145. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK [L]

Seagrave, C., D. Bucke, and D. J. Alderman. 1980. Ultrastructure of a Haplosporean-like organism: the possible causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology. 16: 453-459.

Sears, K. E., R. R. Behringer, J. J. Rasweiler IV, and L. A. Niswander. 2006. Development of bat flight: morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 103(17): 6581-6586. [L, C]

Sebe-Pedros, A., A. J. Roger, F. B. Lang, N. King, and I. Ruiz-Trillo.  2010.  Ancient origin of the integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling machinery.  PNAS.  107(22): 10142-10147.

Seckbach J. 1987. Evolution of eukaryotic cells via bridge algae, the cyanidia connection. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 503: 424-424.

Seckbach J. 1999 The Cyanidiophyceae: hot spring acidophilic algae. In J. Seckbach [ed.], Enigmatic microorganisms and life in extreme environments, 427–435. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Seckbach J. E. Gonvález I. M. Wainwright W. Gross 1992 Peroxisomal function in the Cyanidiophyceae (Rhodophyta): a discussion of phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of microbodies (peroxisomes). Nova Hedwigia. 55: 99-99.

Seckbach J. F. D. Ott 1994 Systematic position and phylogenetic status of Cyanidium Geitler 1933. In J. Seckbach [ed.], Evolutionary pathways and enigmatic algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and related cells, 133–143. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands

Seckbach, J. ed. 2002. Symbiosis: mechanisms and model systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Sedegah, M., M. Belmonte, J. E. Epstein, C.-A. Siegrist, W. R. Weiss, T. R. Jones, M. Lu, D.-J. Carucci, and S. L. Hoffman. 2003. Successful induction of CD8T cell-dependent protection against malaria by sequential immunization with DNA and recombinant poxvirus of neonatal mice born to immune mothers: Journal of Immunology. 171: 3148–3153.

Sedikides, C. and J. J. Skwronsk. 2003. Evolution of the symbolic self: issues and prospects. In M. R. Leary and J. P. Tangney [eds.], Handbook of self and identity, 594-610. The Guilford Press, New York, NY. [C]

Seebacher, F. 2003. Dinosaur body temperatures: the occurrence of endothermy and ectothermy. Paleobiology. 29(1): 105-122. [C]

Segers, H. and G. Melone. 2002. A comparative study of trophi morphology in Seisonidea (Rotifera). Journal of Zoology. 244: 201-207.

Seilacher, A., P. K. Bose, and F. Pflüger. 1998. Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from India. Science. 282: 80-83. [L, C]

Seipel, K. and V. Schmid. 2005. Evolution of striated muscle: jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty. Developmental Biology. 282: 14-26. [C]

Sekido, R. and R. Lovell-Badge.  2008.  Sex determination and SRY: down to a wink and a nudge.  Trends in Genetics. 25(1): 19-29.

Sekiguchi H., M. Moriya, T. Nakayama, and I. Inouye. 2002. Vestigial chloroplasts in heterotrophic stramenopiles Pteridomonas danica and Ciliophrys infusionum (Dictyochophyceae). Protist. 153: 157-167.

Sekiguchi, H., M. Kawachi, T. Nakayama, and I. Inouye. 2003. A taxonomic re-evaluation of the Pedinellales (Dictyochophyceae), based on morphological, behavioural and molecular data. Phycologia. 42: 165-182.

Selivanova, O. N., G. G. Zhigadlova,  and G. I. Hansen.  2007.  REvision of the systematics of algae in the order Laminariales (Phaeophyta) from the far-eastern seas of Russia on the basis of molecular-phylogenetic data.  Russian Journal of Marine Biology.  33(5): 278-289.

Selosse, M.-A., R. Bauer, and B. Moyersoen. 2002. Basal hymenomycetes belonging to the Sebacinaceae are ectomycorrhizal on temperate deciduous trees. New Phytologist. 155: 183-195. [C]

Semon, M. and K.H. Wolfe. 2007. Consequences of genome duplication. Elsevier Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 17: 505-512.

Semple, C. and M. Steel. 2000. A supertree method for rooted trees. Discrete Applied Mathematics. 105: 147-158. [C]

Semple, C., P. Daniel, W. Hordijk, R. D. M. Page, and M. Steel. 2004. Supertree algorithms for ancestral divergence dates and nested taxa. Bioinformatics. 20(15):2355-2360. [C]

Sen Gupta, B.K. 1999. Modern Foraminifera. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Sengupta, S., Z. Yang, and P. G. Higgs.  2007.  The mechanisms of codon reassignments in mitochondrial genetic codes.  Journal of Molecular Evolution.  64: 662-688.

Seo, H.-C., M. Kube, R. B. Edvardsen, M. F. Jensen, A. Beck, E. Spiet, G. Gorsky, E. M. Thompson, H. Lehrach, R. Reinhardt, D. Chourrout. 2001. Miniature genome in the marine chordate Oikopleura dioica. Science. 294: 2506. [C]

Seo, P., Yokota, A. 2003. The phylogenetic relationships of cyanobacteria infferred from 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoC1 and rpoD1 gene sequences. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 49 191-203. [C]

Sepkoski Jr., J. J. 1981. A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology. 7: 36-53. 

Seppelt, R. D. 2004, The Moss Flora of Macquarie Island. xiv + 328 pp: Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia.

Seravin, L.N. 1992. Eukaryotes lacking the most important cellular organelles (flagella, golgi-complex, mitochondria) and the main purpose of organellology. Tsetologia. 34(5): 3-33. (in Russian) [C]

Serb, J. and D.J. Eernisse. 2008. Charting Evolution’s Trajectory: Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution. Evolution Education Outreach. 1:439-447.

Serediyak, A. A. 2002, Briofloristicheskie issledovaniya lechogo massiva Buzulukskii bov, pp. 58–59: In A. D. Potemkin (ed.), Problemy Briologii na Rubezhe Vekov. Russian Academy of Sciences, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. [Bryological investigations in the Buzuluksk Mountains.].

Sereno, P. C. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research. 2(2): 234-256. [C]

Sereno, P. C. 1997. The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 25: 435-489. [C]

Sereno. P. C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science. 284(5423): 2137-2147. [C,L]

Sérgio, C. 2004, Notes on Andreaea heinmannii Hampe & Müll. Hal. in the Iberian Peninsula. Cryptogamie Bryologie. 25 29–33. 

Sérgio, C, M Brugués, R. M Cros, and C Garcia. 2004, New occurrence of Scapania scandica (Arnell & H. Buch) Macvicar in the Iberian Peninsula and phytogeographic significance. Braun-Blanquetia. 34 17–19.

Serre, D., A. Langaney, M. Chech, M. Teschler-Nicola, M. Paunovic, P. Mennecier, M. Hofreiter, G. Possnert, and S. Paabo.  2004. No evidence of neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans.  PLoS Biology.  2(3): 0313-0317.

Seto, M. and T. Tazaki. 1971. Carbon dynamics in the food chain system of glucose-Escherichia coli-Tetrahymena vorax. Japanese Journal of Ecology. 21:179-188.

Sevilla, M. S., M. D. Moragues, F. Uruburu. 1987. Evolucion de algunas actividades enzimaticas de Aureobasidium pullulans durante la transicion de levadura a micelio inducida por etanol. Microbiologia SEM. 3: 115-122. [C]

Sewertzoff, A. N. and J. Disler. 1924. Das Pharyngomandibulare der Selachier. Anatomische Anzeiger. 58:345-349.

Sguazzin, F. 2004, Contributo alla flora briologica del Friuli-Venezia Giuila. Briofite raccolte nelle Dolomiti Friulane [Val Settimana e Alta Val Cellina, Comune di Claut (PN)]. Braun-Blanquetia. 34 59–67.

Sha, Wei, Jing Li, Tong Cao, and Xiao-Ming Su. 2004, Establishment of RAPD reaction system on the moss: Bulletin of Botanical Research. 24 482–485. [In Chinese with English abstract.].

Shadwick, J.D.L., J.D. Silberman, and F.W. Spiegel. 2017. Variation in the SSUrDNA of the Protostelium leads to a new phylogenetic understanding of the genus of the species concept for Protostelium mycophaga (Protosteliida, Amoebozoa). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 65: 331-344.

Shaffer, H. B., P. Meylan, and M. L. McKnight.  1997.  Tests of turtle phylogeny: molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches.  Systematic Biology.  46(2): 235-268.

Shaffer, R.L. 1975. The major groups of Basidiomycetes. Mycologia. 75:1011-1018.

Shah, S. P., D. Y. M. He, J. N. Sawkins, J. C. Druce, G. Quon, D. Lett, G. X. Y. Zheng, T. Xu, and B. F. F. Ouellette. 2004. Pegasys: software for executing and integrating analyses of biological sequences. BMC Bioinformatics. 5: 40.

Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., W. Eikrem, D. Klaveness, D. Vaulot, M. A. Minge, F. Le Gall, K. Romari, J. Throndsen, A. Botnen, R. Massana, H. A. Thomsen, and K. S. Jakobsen. 2006. Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 273: 1833-1842. [C]

Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., H. Kauserud, R. Massana, D. Klaveness, and K. S. Jakobsen. 2007. Analysis of environmental 18S ribosomal RNA sequences reveals unknown diversity of the cosmopolitan phylum Telonemia. Protist. 158: 173-180.

Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., M. A. Minge, M. Espelund, R. Orr, T. Ruden, K. S. Jakobsen, and T. Cavalier-Smith.  2008.  Multigene phylogeny of Choanozoa and the origin of animals.   PLoS ONE.  3(5): 1-7.

Shankland, M. and E.C. Seaver. 2000. Evolution of the bilaterian body plan: What have we learned from annelids? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 97(9): 4434-4437.

Shannon, III, T. and J. G. Achatz. 2007. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov., an uncommonly fecund acoel (Acoelomorpha) discovered in tropical aquaria. Zootaxa. 1525: 1-17. [C]

Sharp, P. M., E. Bailes, R. R. Chaudhuri, C. M. Rodenburg, M. O. Santiago, and B. H. Hahn. 2001. The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 356: 867-876. [C]

Shaw, J. A. 2001.  Biogeographic patterns and cryptic speciation in bryophytes.  Journal of Biogeography. 28: 253-261.

Shaw, A. J. 2004, [Abstract] Biodiversity value and patterns of diversification in Sphagnum section Acutifolia. Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 40: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Shaw, A. J, C. J Cox, and B Goffinet. 2004, [Abstract] Toward a generic level phylogeny for mosses, p. 6: In S. R. Gradstein, J. Heinrichs & R. Wilson (orgs.), Bryophylogeny 2004. 10–12 September. Second International Symposium on Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.

Shaw, A. J., C. J. Cox, B. Goffinent, W. R. Buck, and S. B. Boles. 2003. Phylogenetic evidence of a rapid radiation of pleurocarpous mosses (Bryophyta). Evolution. 57(10): 2226-2241. [C] 

Shaw, A. J. and B. Goffinet. 2000. Molecular evidence of reticulate evolution in the peatmasses (Sphagnum) including S. ehyalinum sp. nov. Bryologist. 103(2): 357-374. [C]

Shaw, A. J. and B. Goffinet. 2000. Bryophyte Biology. New York. New York. Cambridge University Press. 

Shaw, A. J, C. J Cox, and I. Melosik. 2004. Diversification of peatmosses: a phylogenetic approach. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 98: 240–254.

Shaw, A. J. and K. Renzaglia. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of bryophytes. American Journal of Botany. 91(10): 1557-1581. [C,L]

Shaw, A. J., E. B. Lickey, E. E. Schilling, and R. L. Small. 2007. Compariosn of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III. American Journal of Botany. 94(3): 275-288. [C]

Shaw, A. J., P. Szoveny, and B. Shaw. 2011. Bryophyte diversity and evolution: windows into the early evolution of land plants. American Journal of Botany. 98(3): 352-369.

Shearman, R. M. 2005. Growth of the pectoral girdle of the Leopard frog, Rana pipiens (Anura: Ranidae). Journal of Morphology. 264:94-104. 

Sheath R. G. and K. M. Müller. 1999. Systematic status and phylogenetic relationships of the freshwater genus Balbiania (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology. 35: 855-855 [L]

Shedlock, A. M., Milinkovitch, M. C., and N. Okada. 2000. SINE Evolution, Missing Data, and the Origin of Whales. Systematic Biology. 49(4): 808-817.

Sheikh, S., J.C. MatsThulin Cavender, R. Escalante, S.I. Kawakami, C. Lado, J.C. Landolt, V. Nanjundiah, D.C. Queller, J.E. Strassmann, F.W. Spiegel, S.L. Stephenson, S.M. Vadell, and S.L. Baldauf. A new classification of the dictyostelids. Protist. 169: 1-28.

Sheldon, R.W. and P. Nival. 1986. An experimental investigation of a flagellate-ciliate-copepod food chain with some observations relevant to the linear biomass hypothesis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 184-188. [L]

Shen, Y., ed. 1999. Protozoology. Science Press. Beijing, People’s Republic of China. (in Chinese).

Shen, Y., W. Feng, M. Gu, S. Wang, J. Wu, and Y. Tan. 1995. Monitoring of river pollution. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.

Shen Y., L. Liang, Z. Zhu, W. Zhou, D.M. Irwin, Y. Zhang. 2010. Adaptive evolution of energy metabolism genes and the origin of flight in bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 107(19): 8666-8671.

Shen, X-X., C.T. Hittinger, and A. Rokas. 2017. Contentious relationships in phylogenomic studies can be driven by a handful of genes. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 1, 1026 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0126

Sheng, Y., M. He, F. Zhao, C. Shao, M. Miao. 2018. Phylogenetic relationship analyses of complicated class Spirotrichea based on transcriptomes from three diverse microbial eukaryotes: Urolrptopsis citrina, Euplotes vannus and Protocruzia tuzeti. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 129: 338-345.

Shenoy, B. D., R. Jeewon, and K. D. Hyde.  2007.  Impact of DNA sequence-data on the taxonomy of anamorphic fungi.  Fungal Diversity. 26: 1-54.

Shergold, M. 2004, Sphagnum moss: Australian Orchid Review. 69 (4):25 [On the harvesting of Sphagnum, especially S. cristatum in New Zealand.].

Sherman, I. W. ed. 1998. Malaria: parasite biology, pathogenesis, and protection. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

Sherr, B. F., E. B. Sherr, et al. 1982. Decomposition of organic detritus: a selective role for microflagellate protozoa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27:765-769. [L]

Sherr, B. F., E. B. Sherr, et al. 1983. Grazing, growth, and ammonium excretion rates of a heterotrophic microflagellate fed four species of bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1196-1201. [L]

Shestakova, A. A. 2002, Taksonomicheskii analiz flory listostebel’nykh mkhov Nizhegorodskoi Oblasti, pp. 69–70: In A. D. Potemkin (ed.), Problemy Briologii na Rubezhe Vekov. Russian Academy of Sciences, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. [A taxonomic analysis of the mosses of Nizhegorodsk Province.].

Shigetani, Y., F. Sugahara, Y. Kawakami, Y. Murakami, S. Hirano, and S. Kuratani. 2002. Heterotopic shift of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for vertebrate jaw evolution. Science. 296:1319-1321. [L]

Shigetani, Y., F. Sugahara, and S. Kuratani. 2005. A new evolutionary scenario for the vertebrate jaw. BioEssays. 27: 331–338.

Shimano, S., M. Sanbe, Y. Kasahara. 2008. Linkage between Light Microscopic Observations and Molecular Analysis by Single-Cell PCR for Ciliates. Microbes and Environments. 23(4): 356-359. [C]

Shimodaira, H. and M. Hasegawa, M. 1999. Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 1114–1116.

Shin, W. and R. E. Triemer. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Euglena (Euglenophyceae) with particular reference to the type species Euglena viridis. Journal of Phycology. 40: 759-771. [C]

Shiono, M. and I. Koizumi. 2002. Taxonomy of Azpeitia endoi and A. tabularis (Bacillariophyta) in middle Miocene to recent materials from the north and northwest Pacific Ocean. Micropaleontology. 48(1):67-78. [C]

Shirinka, N.I. On the biology of Thaumatomonas lauterborni de Saedeleer, 1931 (Zoomastogophorea Calkins; Protozoa) Information Bulletin Biology of Inland Waters. Nauka (Lenningrad). 49:25-29.

Simakov, O., F. Marletaz, S. Cho, E. Edsinger-Gonzales, P. Havlak, U. Hellsten, D. Kuo, T. Larsson, J. Lv, D. Arendt, R. Savage, K. Osoegawa, P. de Jong, J. Grimwood, J. A. Chapman, H. Shapiro, A. Aerts. R. P. Otillar, A. Y. Terry, J. L. Boore, I, V. Grigoriev, D. R. Lindberg, E. C. Seaver, D. A Weisblat, N. C. Putnam, and D. S. Rokhsar. 2013. Insights to bilaterian evolution from three spiralian genomes. Nature. 493:526-531.

Simonti, C. N., B. Vernot, L. Bastarache, E. Bottinger, D. S. Carrell, R. L. Chisholm, D. R. Crosslin, S. J. Hebbring, G. P. Jarvik, I. J. Kullo, R. Li, J. Pathak, M. D. Ritchie, D. M. Roden, S. S. Verma, G. Tromp, J. D. Prato, W. S. Bush, J. M. Akey, J. C. Denny, and J. A. Capra. 2016. The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals. Science. 351:737-741.

Shoguchi, E., N. Satoh, Y.K. Maruyama. 1999. Pattern of Brachyury gene expression in starfish embryos resembles that of hemichordate embryos but not of sea urchin embryos. Mechanisms of Development. 82:185-189.

Shoshani, J. 1986. Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 3: 222-242. [C]

Showman, R. E. 1972. Photosynthetic response with respect to light in three strains of lichen algae. The Ohio Journal of Science 72(2): 114-117. [C]

Shu, D. 2008.  Cambrian explosion: birth of tree of animals.  Gondwana Research. 14: 219-240.

Shu, D.-G., S. Conway Morris, J. Han, L. Chen, X.L. Zhang, Z.F. Zhang, H.Q. Liu, Y. Li, and J.N. Liu. 2001. Primitive deuterostomes from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China). Nature. 414: 419-424. [L]

Shu, D.-G., S. Conway-Morris, J. Han, Z.-F. Zhang, K. Yasui, P. Janvier, L. Chen, X.-L. Zhang, J.-N. Liu, Y. Li and H.-Q. Liu. 2003. Head and backbone of the early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature. 421: 526–529. [L]

Shu, D., S.C. Morris, Z.F. Zhang, J.N. Liu, J. Han, L. Chen, X.L. Zhang, K. Yasui, Y. Li. A New Species of Yunnanozoan with Implications for Deuterostome Evolution. Science. 299:1380-1384.

Shu, D.-G., S. Conway Morris, X-L. Zhang, L. Chen, Y. Li, and J. Han. 1999. A pipiscid-like fossil from the lower Cambrian of south China. Nature. 400: 746-749. [C,L]

Shu, D.- G., H. L. Luo, S. Conway Morris, X. L. Zhang, S. X. Hu, L. Chen, J. Han, M. Zhu, Y. Li, and L. Z. Chen. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature. 402: 42-46. [C,L]  

Shubin, N., E. Daeschler, and M. I. Coates. 2004. The early evolution of the tretrapod humerus. Science. 304: 90-93.

Shubin, N. H.; E. B. Daeschler, and F. A. Jenkins, Jr. 2006. The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature. 440:764-771. [C]

Shubin, N. and C. Marshall. 2000. Fossils, genes and the origin of novelty. Paleobiology. 26(4): 324-340. Supplement.

Shubin, N., C. Tabin, and S. Carroll. 1997. Fossil, genes and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature. 388:639-648. [C,L]

Shubin, N. and D. Wake. 2003. Morphological variation, development, and evolution of the limb skeleton of salamanders. In: H. Heatwole, ed. Biology of the Amphibia. Surrey Beatty and Sons. pp. 1782-1808.

Shuchert, P. 2001. Survey of the family Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 108:739-878. [C]

Shulaev, V., S. S. Korban, B. Sosinski, A. G. Abbott, H. S. Aldwinckle, K. M. Folta, A. Iezzoni, D. Main, P. Arús, A. M. Dandekar, K. Lewers, S. K. Brown, T. M. Davis, S. E. Gardiner, D. Potter, and R. E. Veilleux. 2008. Multiple models for Rosaceae genomics. Plant Physiology. 147: 985-1003. [C]

Shultz, J. W., and J. C. Regler. Phylogenetic analysis of arthropods using two nuclear protein-encoding genes supports a crustacean + hexapod clade. 2012. Biological Sciences. 267: 1011-1019. [C]

Sibbald, M. J. and L. J. Albright. 1988. Aggregated and free bacteria as food sources for heterotrophic microflagellates. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 54:613-616. [L]

Sibbald, S.J. and J.M. Archibald. 2017. More protist genomes needed. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 1(5): doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0145.

Sibbald, S.J., U. Cenci, M. Colp, Y. Eglit, C.J. O’Kelly, and J.M. Archibald. 2017. Diversity and evolution of Paramoeba spp. and their kinetoplastid endosymbionts. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 64:598-607.

Sibley, C. G. and J. E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT.

Sicheritz-Ponten, and S. G. I. Andersson. 2001. A phylogenomic approach to microbial evolution. Oxford University Press. 29(2): 545-552 [C]

Sicheritz-Ponten, T., C. G. Kurland, and S. G. E. Andersson. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I genes supports an origin of mitochondria from within the Rickettsiaceae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Bioenergetics 1365:545-551.

Sidor, C.A., Hopson, J.A. 1998. Ghost lineages and “mammalness”:  assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the synapsida. Paleobiology. 24(2): 254-273. [C]

Siddall, M. E., E. Borda, and G. W. Rouse. 2004. Toward a tree of life for Annelida.  In: Cracraft, J. and M. J. Donoghue, eds. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford, New York.  pp. 237-251. [C]

Siddall, M. E. and M. F. Whiting. 1999. Long-branch abstractions. Cladistics 15:9-24.

Siddall, M. E., D. S. Martin, D. Bridge, S. S. Desser, and D. K. Cone. 1995. The demise of a phylum of protists: phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. Journal of Parasitology 81:961-967.

Sieburth, J.McN. 1979. Sea Microbes. Oxford University Press. Part VII. Phagotrophic Eukaryotes.

Sieburth, J.McN., P-J. Willis, K.M. Johnson, C.M. Burney, D.M. LaVoie, K.R. Hinga, D.A. Caron, F.W.III. French, P.W. Johnson, and P.G. Davis. 1976. Dissolved organic matter and heterotrophic microneuston in the surface microlayers of the North Atlantic. Science. 194:1415-1418. [L]

Sierra, R., M. V. Matz, G. Aglyamova, L. Pillet, J. Decelle, F. Not, C. de Vargas, and J. Pawlowski. 2013. Deep relationships of Rhizaria revealed by phylogenetics: A farewell to Haeckel’s Radiolaria. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67: 53-59.

Siesser, W. G. 1994. Historical background of coccolithophore studies. In: A. Winter and W. G. Siesser, eds. Coccolithophores. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. pp. 1-11.

Sigee, D. C. and L. P. Kearns. 1981. X-ray microanalysis of chromatin-bound period IV metals in Glenodinium foliaceum: a binucleate dinoflagellate. Protoplasma. 105: 213-223. [C]

Sigwart, J.D., and M.D. Sutton. 2007. Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data. Proc. R. Soc. B 274: 2413-2419. 

Sikes, J. M. and A. E. Bely. 2010. Making heads from tails: development of a reversed anterior-posterior axis during budding in an acoel. Developmental Biology. 338: 86-97. [C]

Sikora, M., H. Laayouni, F. Calafell, D. Comas, and J. Bertranpetit. 2011. A genomic analysis identifies a novel coponent int he genetic structure of sub-Saharan African populations. European Journal of Human Genetics. 19: 84-88. [C]

Silberfeld, T., J. W. Leigh, H. Verbruggen, C. Cruaud, B. de Reviers, and F. Rousseau. 2010. A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the brown algae (Heterokonta, Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae): investigating the evolutionary nature of the “brown algal crown radiation”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56: 659-674. [C]

Silberman, J.D., C.G. Clark, L.S. Diamond, and M.L. Sogin. 1999. Phylogeny of the genera Entamoeba and Endolimax as deduced from small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16(12): 1740-1751. [C]

Silberman, J. D., A. G. B. Simpson, J. Kulda, I. Cepicka, V. Hampl, P. J. Johnson, and A. J. Roger. 2002. Retortamonad flagellates are closely related to diplomonads—implications for the history of mitochondrial function in eukaryote evolution: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 777–786. 

Silberman, J. D., M. L. Sogin, D. D. Leipe, and C. G. Clark. 1996. Human parasite finds taxonomic home. Nature. 380: 398. [L]

Silcox, M. T., Krause D. W., Maas, M. C., and R. C. Fox. 2001. New Specimens of Elphidotarsius Russelli (Mammalia, Primates, Carpolestidae) and a Revision of Plesiadadapoid Relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21(1): 132-152.

Silva, P. C. 1980. Names of classes and families of living algae. Regnum Vegetabile. 103: 1-156.

Silva, P.C. 1993. Continuity, an essential ingredient of modern taxonomy. Korean Journal of Phycology. 8: 83–89. 

Silva P.C. 1996. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. In P. C. Silva, P. W. Basson, and R. L. Moe [eds.], Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean, 910-937. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Silva, P.C. and B. de Riviers. 2000. Ordinal names in the Phaeophyceae. Cryptogamie Algologie. 21:49-58.

Silva P.C. and H. W. Johansen. 1986. A reappraisal of the order Corallinales (Rhodophyceae). British Phycological Journal. 21: 245-245.

Silver, P.A., E.A. Morales, B. Van de Vijver, M. Smits, P.B. Hamilton, H. Lange-Bertalot, and J.J. Hains. 2006. Observations on Fragilaria longifusiformis comb. nov. et nom. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a widespread planktic diatom documented from North America and Europe. Phycological Research. 54:183-192. [C]

Silverton, J., M. Dodd, D. Gowing, C. Lawson, and K. McConway. 2006. Phylogeny and the Hierarchical Organization of Plant Diversity. Ecology. 87(7): S39-S49. [C]

Sim-Sim, M, S Carvalho, A. C Figueiredo, G Esquível, S Fontinha, C Lobo, J. G Barroso, and L. G Pedro. 2003, New data on the diversity of the Madeira Archipelago bryoflora. The Plagiochila (Dumort.) Dumort. genus (liverwort) on the slope communities of laurisilva: Bocagiana. 210 1–24. [Plagiochila stricta new to Madeira.]. 

Sim-Sim, M, M. G Esquível, A. C Figueiredo, S Fontinha, C Lobo, F Gutierres, W Frey, and M Stech. 2004, [Abstract] New data on the diversity of the bryoflora of Madeira. The genus Plagiochila on the slope communities of the Madeiran laurissilva, p. 28: In S. R. Gradstein, J. Heinrichs & R. Wilson (orgs.), Bryophylogeny 2004. 10–12 September. Second International Symposium on Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.

Simakov, O., F. Marletaz, S-J. Cho, E. Edsinger-Gonzales, P. Havlak, U. Hellsten, D-H. Kuo, T. Larsson, J. Lv, D. Arendt, R. Savage, K. Osoegawa, P. de Jong, J. Grimwood, J. A. Chapman, H. Shapiro, A. Aerts, R. P. Otillar, A. Y. Terry, J. L. Boore, I. V. Grigoriev, D. R. Lindberg, E. C. Seaver, D. A. Weisblat, N. H. Putnam, and D. S. Rokhsar. 2013. Insights into bilaterian evolution from three spiralian genomes.  Nature. 493: 526-531.

Simakov,O., F. Marletaz, J-X. Yue, B. O’Connell, J. Jenkins, A. Brandt, R. Calef, C-H. Tung, T-K. Huang, J. Schmutz, N. Satoh, J-K. Yu, N.H. Putnam, R.E. Green, and D.S. Rokhsar. 2020. Deeply conserved synteny resolves early events in vertebrate evolution. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 4: 820-830.

Simek, K., P. Hartman, J. Nedoma, J. Pernthaler, D. Springmann, J. Vrba, and R. Psenner. 1997. Community structure, picoplankton grazing and zooplankton control of heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a eutrophic reservoir during the summer phytoplankton maximum. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 12:49-63. [L]

Simidu, U., and K. Tsukamoto. 1985. Habitat segregation and biochemical activities of marine members of the family Vibrionaceae. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 50:781-790. [L]

Simion, P., H. Philippe, D. Baurain, M. Jager, D.J. Richter, A. Di Franco, B. Roure, N. Satoh, E. Queinnec, A. Ereskovsky, P. Lapebie, E. Corre, F. Delsuc, N. King, G. Worheide, and M. Manuel. 2017. A large and consistent phylogenomic dataset supports sponges as the sister group to all other animals.  Current Biology. 27: 958-967.

Simmons, D. R., T. Y. James, A. F. Meyer, and J. E. Longcore.  2009.  Lobulomycetales, a new order in the Chytridiomycota.  Mycological Research.  113: 450-460.

Simmons, M. P. 2004. Independence of alignment and tree search. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31: 874-879.

Simmons, M. P. and J. V. Freudenstein. 2002. Artifacts of coding amino acids and other composite characters for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics. 18: 354-365.

Simmons, N.B., M.J. Novacek, and R.J. Baker. 1991. Approaches, methods, and the future of the Chiropteran monophyly controversy: A reply to J.D. Pettigrew. Systematic Biology. 40(2): 239-243. 

Simmons, M. P. and H. Ochoterena. 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology. 49:369-381.

Simmons, M. P., H. Ochoterena, and T. G. Carr. 2001. Incorporation, relative homoplasy, ad effect of gap characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology. 50: 454-462.

Simmons, S. L., and K. J. Edwards. 2007. Unexpected diversity in populations of the many-celled magnetotactic prokaryotes. Environmental Microbiology. 9(1):  206-215. [C, L]

Simon, M., and F. Azam. 1989. Protein content and protein synthesis rates of planktonic marine bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 51:201-213. [L]

Simpson, A. G. B. 1997. The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa. Archiv Protistenkunde. 148:318-328.

Simpson, A. G. B. 2003. Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53: 1759-1777. [C]

Simpson, A. G. B., J. Lukes, and A. J. Roger. 2002. The evolutionary history of kinetoplastids and their kinetoplasts. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19(12): 2071-2083. [C]

Simpson, A. G. B., E. E. Gill, H. A. Callahan, R. W. Litaker, and A. J. Roger. 2004. Early evolution within kinetoplastids (Euglenozoa) and the late emergence of the trypanosomatids. Protist. 155:407-422. [C]

Simpson, A. G. B., J. Lukes, and A. J. Roger. 2002. The evolutionary history of kinetoplastids and their kinetoplasts: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19: 2071–2083.

Simpson, A. G. B., E. K. MacQuarrie, and A. J. Roger. 2002. Early origin of canonical interns. Nature. 419: 270. [L]

Simpson A. G. B. and D. J. Patterson. 1999. The ultrastructure of Carpediemonas membranifera: (Eukaryota), with reference to the ‘excavate hypothesis’. European Journal of Protistology. 35: 353-370.

Simpson, A. G. B., and D. J. Patterson. 2001. On core jakobids and excavate taxa: the ultrastructure of: Jakoba incarcerata. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48: 480–492. [C,L]

Simpson, A. G. B., R. Radek, J. B. Dacks, and C. J. O’Kelly. 2002. How oxymonads lost their groove: an ultrastructural comparison of Monocercomonoides and excavate taxa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 49: 239–248. [L]

Simpson, A.G.B. and A.J. Roger. 2002. Eukaryotic evolution: getting to the root of the problem. Current Biology. 12: R691-R693.

Simpson, A. G. B., and A. J. Roger. 2004a. Protein phylogenies robustly resolve the deep-level relationships within Euglenozoa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30:201-212. [C]

Simpson, A. G. B., and A. J. Roger. 2004b. Excavata and the origin of the amitochondriate eukaryotes. In: Hirt, R.P. and D.S. Horner. Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny, An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics. CRC Press. New York. pp.27-53. [L]

Simpson, A. G. B., and A. J. Roger. 2004c. The real ‘kingdoms’ of eukaryotes. Current Biology. 14(7): R693-R696.

Simpson, A. G. B., A. J. Roger, J. D. Silberman, D. D. Leipe, V. P. Edgcomb, L. S. Jermiin, D. J. Patterson, and M. L. Sogin. 2002. Evolutionary history of ‘early diverging’ eukaryotes: The excavate taxon Carpediemonas is close relative of Giardia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 1782–1791. [C, L]

Simpson, A. G. B., J. R. Stevens, and J. Lukes. 2006. The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates. Trends in Parasitology. 22(4): 168-174. [C]

Simpson, A. G. B., Y. Inagaki, and A. J. Roger. 2006. Comprehensive multigene phylogenies of excavate protists reveal the evolutionary positions of “primitive” eukaryotes. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23(3): 615-625.

Simpson, B. B. and J. Cracraft. 1995. Systematics: the science of biodiversity. Bioscience. 45(10): 670-672. [C,L]

Simpson, L., O. H. Thiemann, N. J. Savill, J. D. Alfonzo, and D. A. Maslov. 2000. Evolution of RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 97(13): 6986-6993. [C]

Simpson, M, and M. R. T Dale. 2004, [Abstract] Differential seedling survival on boreal feather moss remains burned in a forest fire. Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 43: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Simpson, M, and M. R. T Dale. 2004, [Abstract] Does substrate affect the potential for establishment of boreal feather mosses after forest fire? Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 40: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Simpson T. L. and B. E. Volcani, eds. 1981. Silicon and siliceous structures in biological systems. Springer-Verlag. New York.

Sims, H. J. and K. J. McConway. 2003. Nonstochastic variation of species-level diversification rates within angiosperms. Evolution. 57(3): 460-479. [C]

Sims, P.A., D.G. Mann, and L.K. Medlin. 2006. Evolution of the diatoms: insights from fossil, biological and molecular data. Phycologia. 45(4): 361-402. 

Sinakevitch, I., J. K. Douglass, G. Scholtz, R. Loesel, N. J. Strausfeld. Conserved and convergent organization in the optic lobes of insects and isopods, with reference to other crustacean taxa. 2003. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 467: 150-172. [C]

Sinclair, J. L., and W. C. Ghiorse. 1987. Distribution of protozoa in subsurface sediments of a pristine groundwater study site in Oklahoma. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 53:1157-1163. [L]

Sinden, R. E., A. Talman, S. R. Marques, M. N. Wass, and M. J. E. Sternberg.  2010.  The flagellum in malarial parasites.  Current Opinion in Microbiology.  13: 491-500.

Singh, A. P, and V. Nath. 2002 [2004], Frullania rotundistipula Steph.–an addition to the Indian bryoflora. Geophytology. 32 73–77. 

Singh, B. N. 1945. The selection of bacterial food by amoebae, and the toxic effects of bacterial pigments and other products on soil protozoa. British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 26:316-325.

Singh, S. K, D Singh, and D. K Singh. 2004, On two noteworthy liverworts from western Himalaya, India. Annals of Forestry. 12 56–60. [On Porella perrottetiana and Pellia neesiana.]. 

Singh, S. K, and D. K Singh. 2002 [2004], Lejeunea flava (Swartz) Nees–an addition to the bryoflora of western Himalaya. Geophytology. 32 115–117. 

Singh, T. R., G. Tsagkogeorga, F. Delsuc, S. Blanquart, N. Shenkar, Y. Loya, E. J. P. Douzery, and D. Huchon. 2009. Tunicate mitogenomics and phylogenetics: peculiarities of the Herdmania momus mitochondrial genome and support for the new chordate phylogeny. BMC Genomics. 10: 534-549. [C]

Singleton, D.R., et al. 2003. Solirubrobacter pauli gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic bacterium within the Rubrobacteridae related to common soil clones. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53: 485-490. 

Sinsabaugh, R.L., S. Findlay, P. Franchini, and D. Fischer. 1997. Enzymatic analysis of riverine bacterioplankton production. Limnology and Oceanography. 42:29-38. [L]

Sirotina, I. V. 2002. Svoeobrazie brioflory Yugo-Zapadnogo Kopetdaga, pp. 59–60: In A. D. Potemkin (ed.), Problemy Briologii na Rubezhe Vekov. Russian Academy of Sciences, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Siver, P. A. 1991. The Biology of Mallomonas. Morphology, Taxonomy and Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Siver, P. A., and A. P. Wolfe. 2007. Eunotia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) from Middle Eocene lake sediments and comments on the origin of the diatom raphe. Canadian Journal of Biology. 85: 83-90. [C]

Six, C., A. Z. Worden, F. Rodríguez, H. Moreau, and F. Partensky. 2005. New insights into the nature and phylogeny of prasinophyte antenna proteins: Ostreococcus tauri, a case study. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22(11): 2217-2230. [C]

Sjodin, P., A. E. Sjostrand, M. Jakobsson, and M. G. B. Blum.  2012.  Resequencing data provide no evidence for a human bottleneck in Africa during the penultimate glacial period.  Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1-10.

Sjogren, R. E., and M. J. Gibson. 1981. Bacterial survival in a dilute environment. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 41:1331-1336. [L]

Skog, J. E., J. Mickel, R. Moran, M. Volovsek, and E. Zimmer. 2004. Molecular studies of representative species in the fern genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae) based on cpDNA sequences rbcL, trnL-F, and rps4-TRNS. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165: 1063-1075. [C]

Skophammer, R. G., J. A. Servin, C. W. Herbold, and J. A. Lake. 2007. Evidence for a Gram-positive, eubacterial root of the tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24(8): 1761-1768. [C]

Skorupinska-Tudek, K., et al. 2000. Polyprenols in hairy roots of Coluria geoides. Biochemical Society Transactions. 28(6): 790-791. 

Skotnicki, M. L, A Mackenzie, and P. M Selkirk. 2004, Mosses surviving on the edge: origins, genetic diversity, and mutation in Antarctica: Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 98 388–403. 

Skotnicki, M, A Mackenzie, and P Selkirk. 2004, [Abstract] The coldest mosses in the world–evolution and survival in Antarctica, p. 29: In S. R. Gradstein, J. Heinrichs & R. Wilson (orgs.), Bryophylogeny 2004. 10–12 September. Second International Symposium on Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.

Skotnicki, M, A Mackenzie, and P Selkirk. 2004, [Abstract] The coldest mosses in the world–evolution and survival in Antarctica, p. 10: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Skovgaard, A., R. Massana, V. Balague, and E. Saiz. 2005. Phylogenetic Position of the copepod-infesting parasite Syndinium turbo (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist. 156:  413-423. [C,L]

Skovgaard, A. and N. Daugbjerg. 2008. Identity and systematic position of Paradinium poucheti and other Paradinium-like parasites of marine copepods based on morphology and nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA. Protist. 159: 401-413.

Skuja, A. 1948. Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 9(3): 1-399.

Skuja, H. 1939. Versuch einer systematischen Einteilung der Bangioideen oder Protoflorideen. Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis. 11(12): 23-23.

Slamovits, C. H. and P. J. Keeling.  2008.  Plastid-derived genes in the nonphotosynthetic alveolate Oxyrrhis marina.  Molecular Biology and Evolution.  25(7): 1297-1306.

Slankis T. and S. P. Gibbs. 1972. The fine structure of mitosis and cell division in the chrysophycean alga Ochromonas danica. Journal of Phycology. 8: 243-256.

Sleigh, M. A. 1974, The Biology of Cilia and Flagella. Pergamon. London.

Sleigh, M. A. 1989. Protozoa and Other Protists. 2nd ed. Arnold.  London.

Sleigh, M. A. 1995. Progress in understanding the phylogeny of flagellates. Cytology. 37(11): 985-1009. [C]

Sleigh, M. A., J. D. Dodge and D. J. Patterson. 1984. Kingdom Protista. In: Barnes, R. K. S., ed. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. [C]

Slowinski, J. B. and R. D. M. Page. 1999. How should species phylogenies be inferred from sequence data? Systematic Biology. 48(4):814-825. [C]

Sluis, E., and A. J. M. Driessen. 2006. Stepwise evolution of the Sec machinery in Proteobacteria. Trends in Microbiology. 14(3):  105-108 [C, L]

Slyusarev, G. S. 2000. Fine structure and development of the cuticle of Intoshia variabili (Orthonectida). Acta Zoologica. 81: 1-8.

Slyusarev, G. S. 2003. The fine structure of the muscle system in the female of the orthonectid Intoshia variabili (Orthonectida). Acta Zoologica. 84: 107-111.

Slyusarev, G. S. 2004. Find structure and function of the genital pore of the female of Intoshia variabili (Orthonectida). Folia Parasitologica. 51:287-290.

Slyusarev, G. S. and A. S. Cherkasov. 2008. Structure and supposed feeding mechanisms of the plasmodium of Intoshia linie (Orthonectida). Invertebrate Zoology. 5(1): 47-51.

Small, E.B. and D.H. Lynn. 1985. Phylum Ciliophora. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 393-575. [L]  

Smalley, G. W., and D. W. Coats. 2002. Ecology of the red-Tide dinoflagellate Ceratium furca:  Distribution, mixotrophy, and grazing impact on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 49(1):  63-73. [C,L]

Smestad-Paulsen B. and S. Myklestad. 1978. Structural studies of the reserve glucan produced by the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. Carbohydrate Research. 62: 386-388.

Smillie, C. S., M. B. Smith, J. Friedman, O. X. Cordero, L. A. David, and E. J. Alm.  2011.  Ecology drives a gloval network of gene exchange connecting the human microbiome.  Nature. 480: 241-244.

Smirnov, A. V. 1999. An illustrated survey of gymnamoebae – Euamoebida and Leptomyxida (Rhizopoda, Lobosea) isolated from anaerobic sediments of the Nivaa Bay (Baltic Sea, The Sound). Ophelia. 50:113-148.

Smirnov, A. 2008. Amoebas, Lobose. In: M. Schaechter, ed. Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Elsevier Science Publishers. Oxford. pp. 558-577.

Smirnov, A. V. and A. V. Goodkov. 1993. Paradermamoeba valamo gen. nov., sp. nov. (Gymnamoebia, Thecamoebidae) – a freshwater amoeba from bottom sediments. Zoologichesky Zhurnal. 72:5-11.

Smirnov, A. V., and S. Brown. 2004. Guide to the methods of study and identification of soil gymnamoebae. Protistology. 3(3): 148-190. [C]

Smirnov, A. V., E. S. Nassonova, C. Berney, J. Fahrni, I. Bolivar, and J. Pawlowski. 2005. Molecular phylogeny and the classification of the lobose amoebae. Protist. 156:129-142. [C]

Smirnov, A. V., E. S. Nassonova, E. Chao, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2007. Phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomy of vanellid amoebae. Protist. 158: 295-324.

Smirnov, A. V., E. S. Nassonova, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2008. Correct identification of species makes the amoebozoan rRNA tree congruent with morphology for the order Leptomyxa Page, 1987; with description of Aramoeba dendroida n. g., n. sp., originally misidentified as ‘Gephyramoeba sp.’. European Journal of Protistology. 44: 35-44.

Smith, A. B. 2008. Deuterostomes in a twist: the origins of a radical new body plan. Evolution & Development. 10(4): 493-503. [C]

Smith, A. R. 1995. Non-molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for ferns. American Fern Journal. 85: 104-122.

Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider, and P. G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon. 55(3): 705-731. [C]

Smith, D. C. and F. Azam. 1993. A simple economical method for measuring bacterial protein synthesis rates in seawater using 3H-leucine. Marine Microbial. Food Webs. 6:107-114. [L]

Smith, D. C., M. Simon, A. L. Alldredge, and F. Azam. 1992. Intense hydrolytic enzyme activity on marine aggregates and implications for rapid particle dissolution. Nature. 359:139-142. [L]

Smith, F. A., A. G. Boyer, J. H. Brown, D. P. Costa, T. Dayan, S. K. M. Ernest, A. R. Evans, M. Tortelius, J. L. Gittleman, M. J. Hamilton, L. E. Harding, K. Lintulaakso, S. K. Lyons, C. McCain, J. G. Okie, J. J. Saarinen, R. M. Sibly, P R. Stephens, J. Theodor, and M. D. Uhen. 2010. the evolution of maximum body size of terrestrial mammals. Science. 330: 1216-1219. [C]

Smith, F. H., I. Jankovic, and I. Karanvanic.  2005.  The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals.  Quaternary International.  137: 7-19.

Smith, G. M. 1950. The fresh-water algae of the United States. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York. [C,L]

Smith, III, J. P. S., S. Teyler, and R. M. Rieger. 1986. Is the Turbellaria polyphyletic? Hydrobiologia. 132: 13-21. [C]

Smith, M. M. 2003. Vertebrate dentitions at the origin of jaws: when and how the pattern evolved. Evolution and Development. 5(4): 394-413. [C]  

Smith, M. P. 1991. Early Ordovician conodonts of East North Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience. 26: 1–81.

Smith, M. P., P. C. J. Donoghue, and I. J. Sansom. 2002. The spatial and temporal diversification of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates. In J. A. Crame and A. W. Owen, eds. Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic-Cenozoic Radiations. Geological Society Special Publication No. 194. The Geological Society. London. pp. 69-83.

Smith, M. P., and D. A. T. Harper. 2013. Causes of the Cambrian Explosion. Science. 341: 1355-1356.

Smith, P., Hiney, M.P., Samuelsen, O.B. 1994. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents used in fish farming: a critical evaluation of method and meaning. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. 4: 273-313. 

Smith, R. M. and D. J. Patterson. 1986. Analyses of heliozoan interrelationships: an example of the potentials and limitations of ultrastructural approaches to the study of protistan phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. 227:325-266. [L]

Smith, T. M., P. Tafforeau, D. J. Reid, R. Grün, S. Eggins, M. Boutakiout, and J-J. Hublin. 2006. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 104(15): 6128-6133. [C]

Smithson, T. R. 1986. A new anthracosaur amphibian from the carboniferous of Scotland. Paleontology. 29(3): 603-628. 

Smithson, T. R. and K. S. Thomson. 1982. The hyomandibular of Eusthenopteron foordi (Pisces: Crossopterygii) and the early evolution of the tetrapod stapes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 74:93-103.

Smol, J. P. 1995. Application of chrysophytes to problems in paleoecology. In: C. D. Sandgren, J. P. Smol, and J. Kristiansen, eds. Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and Development. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp. 303–329.

Smothers, J. F., C. D. von Dohlen, L. H. Smith, Jr., and R. D. Spall. 1994. Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans. Science. 265:1719-1721. [C,L]

Snäll, T. 2003, Distribution patterns and metapopulation dynamics of epiphytic mosses and lichens: Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. 918 1–36. 

Snäll, T, J Fogelqvist, P. J Ribeiro Jr., and M Lascoux. 2004, Spatial genetic structure in two congeneric epiphytes with different dispersal strategies analysed by three different methods: Molecular Ecology. 13 2109–2119. [Orthotrichum speciosum and O. obtusifolium studied in Finland.]. 

Sneath, P. H. A. 1986. Endosporeforming Gram-positive rods and cocci. In: Sneath, P. H. A., Mair, N. S., Sharpe, M. E. and Holt, J. G., eds. Bergey´s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2: 1104-1207.

Snell, E.A., R.F. Furlong and P.W.H. Holland. 2001. Hsp70 sequences indicate that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals. Current Biology 11: 967-970. 

Snoeyenbos-west, O. L. O., J. Cole, A. Campbell, D. W. Coats, and L. A. Katz. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of phyllopharyngean ciliates and their group 1 introns. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 51(4):  441-450. [C,L]

Snyder, R. A., and M. P. Hoch. 1996. Consequences of protist-stimulated bacterial production for estimating protist growth efficiencies. Hydrobiologia. 341:113-123. [L]

Snyder, R. A., R. D. Robarts, and D. E. Caldwell. 1994. [methyl-3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine in Vibrio spp. grown in nutrient-limited continuous cultures. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40:375-381. [L]

So, M. L. 2004. Metzgeria (Metzgeriaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Africa. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 42 271–292.

Soehn, K. L., T. Märss, M. W. Caldwell, M. H. Wilson. 2001. New and biostratigraphically useful thelodonts from the Silurian of the Mackenzie Mountians, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21:651-659.

Soehn, K. L. and M. V. H. Wilson. 1990. A complete, articulated heterostracan from Wenlockian (Silurian) beds of the Delorme Group, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 10: 405-419. 

Sofronova, E. V. 2002, Ekologo-tsenoticheskaya kharakteristika pechenochnikov v rastitel’nom pokrove Vostochnogo Verkhoyan’ya (Yakutiya), pp. 60–61: In A. D. Potemkin (ed.), Problemy Briologii na Rubezhe Vekov. Russian Academy of Sciences, V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. [On bryosociology in Yakutsk.].

Sogin, M. L. 1991. Early evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1: 457-463.

Sogin, M. L., H. G. Morrison, G. Hinkle, and J. D. Silberman. 1996. Ancestral relationships of the major eukaryotic lineages. Microbiologia SEM. 12 17–28.

Sogin, M. L., H. J. Elwood, and J. H. Gunderson. 1986. Evolutionary diversity of eukaryote small-subunit rRNA genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 83: 1383-1387. [L]

Sogin, M. L. and D. J. Patterson. 1995. Stramenopiles. Version 01 January 1995 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Stramenopiles/2380/1995.01.01 In: The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

Sokolova, Y. Y., V. V. Dolgikh, E. V. Morzhina, E. S. Nassonova, I. V. Issi, R. S. Terry, J. E. Ironside, J. E. Smith, and C. R. Vossbrinck. 2003. Establishment of the new genus Paranosema based on the ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of the type species Paranosema grylli Gen. Nov., Comb. Nov. (Sokolova, Selezniov, Dolgikh, Issi 1994), from the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 84: 159-172. [C]

Soligo, C. W. O., S. Tavare, C. R. Marshall, and R. D. Martin. 2007. New light on the dates of primate origins and divergence. In: Ravosa, M. J. and M. Dagosto, eds. Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution. Springer. New York. pp. 29-49.

Solga, A. 2004. Die Moose beim 5. GEO-Tag der Artenvielfalt, Regionalveranstaltung Herne. Bryologische Rundbriefe. 81: 1. 

Sollas, W. J. 1884. On the development of Halisarca lobularis (O. Schmidt). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 24: 603-621.

Soltis, D. E., V. A. Albert, J. Leebens-Mack, J. D. Palmer, R. A. Wing, C. W. dePamphilis, H. Ma, J. E. Carlson, N. Altman, S. Kim, P. K. Wall, A. Zuccolo, and P. S. Soltis. 2008. The Amborella genome: an evolutionary reference for plant biology. Genome Biology. 9: 402. [C]

Soltis, D. E., V. A. Albert, J. Leebens-Mack, C. D. Bell, A. H. Paterson, C. Zheng, D. Sankoff, C. W. dePamphilis, P. K. Wall, and P. S. Soltis. Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification. American Journal of Botany. 96(1): 336-348. [C]

Soltis, D. E., A. S. Chanderbali, S. Kim, M. Buzgo, and P. S. Soltis. 2007. The ABC model and its applicability to basal angiosperms. Annals of Botany. 100: 155-163. [C]

Soltis, D. E., M. Fishbein, and R. K. Kuzoff. 2003. Reevaluating the evolution of epigyny: data from phylogenetics and floral ontology. International Journal of Plant Science. 164(5 supplement): S251-S264. [C]

Soltis, D. E. and P. S. Soltis. 2000. Contributions of plant molecular systematics to studies of molecular evolution. Plant Molecular Biology. 42:45-75. [C]

Soltis, D. E. and P. S. Soltis.  2003.  The role of phylogenetics in comparative genetics.  Plant Physiology. 132: 1790-1800.

Soltis, D. E. and P. S. Soltis. 2004. Amborella not a “basal angiosperm”? Not so fast. American Journal of Botany. 91(6): 997-1001. [C].

Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, M. D. Bennett, and I. J. Leitch. 2003. Evolution of genome size in the angiosperms. American Journal of Botany. 90(11): 1596-1603. [C]

Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, D. L. Nickrent, L. A. Johnson, W. J. Hahn, S. B. Hoot, J. A. Sweere, R. K. Kuzoff, K. A. Kron, M. W. Chase, S. M. Swensen, E. A. Zimmer, S. M. Chaw, L. J. Gillespie, W. J. Kress, and K. J. Sytsma. 1997. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 84:1-49.

Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, M. E. Mort, D. C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoot, M. F. Fay, M. Axtell, S. M. Swensen, L. M. Prince, W. J. Kress, K. C. Nixon, and J. S. Farris. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133:381-461.

Soltis, D. S., P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany. 89:1670-1681. [C, L]

Soltis, P.S. and D. S. Soltis. 2004. The origin and diversification of angiosperms. American Journal of Botany. 91(10): 1614-1626. [C,L]

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, and M. W. Chase. 1999a. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology. Nature. 402:402-404. [C, L]

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, P. G. Wolf, D. L. Nickrent, S-M., Chaw, and R. L. Chapman. 1999b. The phylogeny of land plants inferred from 18S rDNA sequences: pushing the limits of rDNA signal? Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16: 1774-1784. [C]

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, M. J. Zanis, and S. Kim. 2000. Basal lineages of angiosperms: relationships and implications for floral evolution. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 161:S97-S107.

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, V. Savolainen, P. R. Crane, and T. G. Barraclough. 2002. Rate heterogeneity among lineages of tracheophytes: integration of molecular and fossil data and evidence for molecular living fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). 99:4430-4435. [L]

Sommaruga, R., and R. Psenner. 1995. Permanent presence of grazing-resistant bacteria in a hypertrophic lake. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 61: 3457-3459. [L]

Sommer, Ulrich. 1994. Are marine diatoms favoured by high Si:N ratio? Marine Ecology Progress Series. 115:309-315. [C]

Song, W. ed. 1999. Progress in Protozoology: Qingdao Ocean University Press, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China. (in Chinese).

Song, W., and N. Wilbert. 1989, Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn: Lauterbornia. 3 1–221.

Sorby, H. C. 1861. On the organic origin of the so-called “crystalloids” of the chalk. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3. 8: 193-200.

Sorenson, M. D. 1999. TreeRot, version 2.0. Programme and documentation. Boston University. Boston, MA.

Sørensen, M. V. 2003. Further structures in the jaw apparatus of Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa), with notes on the phylogeny of the Gnathifera. Journal of Morphology. 255: 131-145.

Sørensen, M. V., P. Funch, E. Willerslev, A. J. Hansen, and J. Olesen. 2000. On the phylogeny of the Metazoa in light of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 239:297-318.

Sørensen, M. V., H. Segers, and P. Funch. 2005. On a new Seison Grube, 1861 from coastal waters of Kenya, with a reappraisal of the classification of the Seisonida (Rotifera). Zoological Studies. 44(1): 34-43. [C]

Sorentino, L. 1989. Conodont assemblages spanning the Lochkovian–Pragian (Early Devonian) boundary at Eurimbla, central New South Wales. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 117: 81–115.

Sorhannus, U. 2001. A “total evidence” analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among photosynthetic stramenopiles. Cladistics. 17: 227-241. [C]

Sorhannus, U. 2004. Diatom phylogenetics inferred based on direct optimization of nuclear-encoded SSU rRNA sequences. Cladistics. 20: 487-498. [C]

Soria, A. and B. M. Berthaud. 2004. Tree fern growth strategy in the late devonian cladoxylopsid species Pietzchia levis from the study of its stem and root system. American Journal of Botany. 91 (1): 10-23. 

Sosa, V., M. W. Chase, G. Salazar, W. M. Whitten, and N. H. Williams. 2001. Phylogenetic position of Dignathe (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae): evidence from nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA sequences. Lindleyana. 16: 94-101.

Sotiaux, A, and A Vanderpoorten. 2004, Catalogue, atlas commenté et mesures de conservation des bryophytes du bassin hydrographique de la Semois (Belgique, France): Lejeunia nouvelle série. 175 1–116. 

Spacek, J. and A. R. Lieberman. 1980. Relationships between mitochondrial outer membranes and agranular reticulum in nervous tissue: ultrastructural observations and a new interpretation. Journal of Cell Science. 46: 129-147. [C]

Spallanzani, L. 1777. Opuscules de Physique, Animale et Vegetale. Tom. 2. Barthelemi Chirol. Geneva. pp. 1-405.

Spang, A., J. H. Saw, S. L. Jorgensen, K. Zaremba- Niedzwiedzka, J. Martijn, A. E. Lind, R. van Eijk, C. Schleper, L. Guy, and T. J. G. Ettema. 2015. Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nature. 521:173-179.

Sparrow, F. K. 1960. The Aquatic Phycomycetes. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, MI.

Spatafora, J.W., G. Sung, D. Johnson, C. Hesse, B. O’Rourke, M. Serdani, R. Spotts, F. Lutzoni, V. Hofstetter, J. Miadlikowska, V. Reeb, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, T. Lumbsch, R. Lucking, I. Schmitt, K. Hosaka, A. Aptroot, C. Roux, A.N. Miller, D.M. Geiser, J. Hafellner, G. Hestmark, A.E. Arnold, B. Budel, A. Rauhut, D. Hewitt, W.A. Untereiner, M.S. Cole, C. Scheidegger, M. Schultz, H. Sipman, and C.L. Schoch. 2006. Mycologia. 98(6):1018-1028. [C]

Spaulding, S., and L. Elwell. 2007. Increase in nuisance blooms and geographic expansion of the freshwater diatom Didymosphena geminata:  Recoomendations for response. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1:  1-33. [C]

Sperling, E.A. and K.J. Peterson. MicroRNAs and metazoan phylogeny: big trees from little genes: Chapter 15. Animal Evolution. 157-237. 

Sperling, E.A., D. Pisani and K.J. Peterson. 2007. Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian palaeobiology. Geological Society. 286: 355-368. 

Spicer, G. S. and L. Dunipace. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passeriformes) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30: 325-335. [C]

Spiegel, F. 1990. Phylum plasmodial slime molds, Class Protostelida. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 484-497. [L]

Spiegel, F.W., L.L. Shadwick, G.G. Ndiritu, M.W. Brown, M. Aguilar, and J.D.L. Shadwick. 2017. Protosteloid Amoebozoa (Protosteliids, Protosporangia, Cavostellida, Schizoplasmoiida, Fractoviteliida, and sporcarpic members of Vanellida, Centramoebida, and Pellitida). In: Archibald, J.M., A.G.B. Simpson, and C. Slamovits, eds. Handbook of the Protists (second edition of the Handbook of Protochtista by Margulis et al.). Springer Reference Works (e-books). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_12-1.

Spitzka, E.A.D. 1907. The study of brains of six eminent scientists and scholars belonging to the American Anthropometric Society, together with a description of the skull of professor E.D. Cope. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 21:175-308. [C]

Spoo, A. 2008. The Pearly Mussels of Pennsylvania. 1st Ed. Coachwhip Publications. 

Sprague, V. 1982. Ascetospora. In: Parker, S. P., ed. Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. New York McGram-Hill Book Company. New York, pp. 599–601. [L]

Sprague V., J. J. Becnel, and E. I. Hazard. 1992. Taxonomy of Phylum Microspora. Critcal Reviews in Microbiology. 18: 285-395.

Springer, M. S., and W. W. de Jong. 2001. Which mammalian supertree to bark up? Science. 291: 1709-1711. [C]

Springer, M. S., W. J. Murphy, E. Eizirik, and S. J. O’Brien. 2002. Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. 100(3): 1056-1061.

Springer, M. S., M. J. Stanhope, O. Madsen, and W. W. de Jong. 2004. Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree. Trend in Ecology and Evolution. 19:430-438. [C]

Springer, M. S., R. W. Meredith, E. Eizirik, E. Teeling, and W. J. Murphy. 2008. Morphology and placental mammal phylogeny. Systematic Biology. 57(3): 499-503. 

Springer, M. S., E. C. Teeling, O. Madsen, M. J. Stanhope, and W. W. de Jong. 2001. Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 98(11): 6241-6246. 

Spruyt, N., C. Delarbre, G. Gachelin, and V. Laudet. 1998. Complete sequence of the amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) mitochondrial genome: Relations to vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Research. 26: 3279–3285.

Srivastava, S. C., and P. K Verma. 2002 [2004]. Exploration of liverwort diversity on Cinchona plantation in Dodabetta, Nilgiri Hills, India. Geophytology. 32: 1–18. 

Srivastava, M., E. Begovich, J. Chapman, N. H. Putnam, U. Hellsten, T. Kawashima, A. Kuo, T. Mitros, A. Salamov, M.L. Carpenter, A.Y. Signorovich, M.A. Moreno, K. Kamm, J. Grimwood, J. Schmutz, H. Shapiro, I.V. Grigoriev, L.W. Buss, B. Schierwater, S.L. Dellaporta, and D.S. Rokhsar. 2008. The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans. Nature. 454: (7207): 955-960.

Srivastava, M., O. Simakov, J. Chapman, B. Fahey, M. E. A. Gauthier, T. Mitros, G. S. Richards, C. Conaco, M. Dacre, U. Hellsten, C. Larroux, N. H. Putnam, M. Stanke, M. Adamska, A. Darling, S. M. Degnan, T. H. Oakley, D. C. Plachetzki, Y. Zai, M. Adamski, A. Calcino, S. F. Cummins, D. M. Goodstein, C. Harris, D. J. Jackson, S. P. Leys, S. Shu, B. J. Woodcroft, M. Vervoort, K. S. Kosik, G. Manning, B. M. Degnan, and D. S. Rokhsar. 2010. The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity. Nature. 466: 720-727. [L, C]

Stacey V. J. and R. N. Pienaar. 1980. Cell division in Hymenomonas carterae (Braarud et Fagerberger) Braarud (Prymnesiophyceae). British Phycological Journal. 15: 365-376.

Stach, T., A. Braband, and L. Podsiadlowski. 2010. Erosion of phylogenetic signal in tunicate mitochondrial genomes on different levels of analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55: 860-870. [C]

Stach, T., S. Dupont, O. Israelsson, G. Fauville, H. Nakano, T. Kånneby, and M. Thorndyke. 2005. Nerve cells of Xenoturbella bocki (phylum uncertain) and Harrimannia kupferi (Enteropneusta) are positively immunoreactive to antibodies raised against echinoderm neuropeptides. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 85: 1519-1524.

Stackebrandt, E., R. G. E. Murray, and H. G. Trüper. 1988. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the “purple bacteria” and their relatives. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 38(3):  321-325. [C]

Stackerbrandt, E., F. A. Rainey, and N. L. Ward-Rainey. 1997. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria class nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47(2): 479-491. 

Stackelberg, M. von, S. A Rensing, R Reski, and G Schween. 2004, [Abstract] First steps towards a genetic map of Physcomitrella patens: high genetic variability in the genus based on molecular analysis, p. 11: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Staesche, U. 1964. Conodonten aus dem Skyth von Südtirol. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen. 119: 247–306.

Stahl, B. J. and S. Chatterjee. 2002. A late Cretaceous callorhynchid (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from Seymour Island, Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22: 848-850. 

Stafford, B.J. and F. S. Szalay. 2000. Craniodental functional morphology and taxonomy of dermopterans. Journal of Mammalogy. 81:360-385. [C]

Staley, J. T. and J. J. Gosink. 1999. Poles apart: biodiversity and biogeography of sea ice bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology. 53:189-215.

Staley, J.T., R.L. Irgens, and R.P. Herwig. 1989. Gas vaculate bacteria from the sea ice of Antarctica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 55(4): 1033-1036. 

Staley, J.T. 2006. The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species concept. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B. 361:1899-1909. 

Stanier, R. Y. 1970, Some aspects of the biology of cells and their possible evolutionary significance: In: Charles, H. P. & Knight, B. C. J. G. (ed.), Organization and Control in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Society for General Microbiology Symposium, No. 20. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 1–38.

Stanier, R. Y., W. R. Sistrom, T. A. Hansen, B. A. Whitton, R. W. Castenholz, N. Pfennig, V. N. Gorlenko, E. N. Kondratieva, K. E. Eimhjellen, R. Whittenbury, R. L. Gherna, and H. G. Truper. 1978. Proposal to Place the Nomenclature of the Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Under the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 28(2): 335-336.

Stanley, S. M. 1998. Earth System History.  W. H. Freeman and Co., 615 pp.  

Stark, L. R. 2004, [Abstract] A gender based approach to desiccation tolerance in a desert moss. Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 23: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Starmach, K. 1985. Chrysophyceae und Haptophyceae. In: H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer, eds. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart, Germany. pp. 1–515.

Starobogotov, Y.I. 1995. The position of flagellated protists in the system of lower eukaryotes. Cytology. 37(11): 1030-1037. [C]

Starr, R. C., and J. A. Zeikus. 1993. UTEX—the Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas at Austin: Journal of Phycology. 29 (Suppl.): 1–106. 

Staton, J.L. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochrondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene from 13 sipunculan genera: intra- and interphylum relationships. Invertebrate Biology. 122(3): 252-264. 

Staubli, P. 2004, Regeneration von Hochmooren im Kanton Zug: Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich. 149 75–81. 

Stauffer, C. R. 1930. Conodonts from the Decorah Shale. Journal of Paleontology. 4: 121–128.

Stauffer, C. R. 1935a. Conodonts of the Glenwood Beds. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 46: 125–168.

Stauffer, C. R. 1935b. The conodont fauna of the Decorah Shale (Ordovician). Journal of Paleontology. 9: 596–620.

Stauffer, C. R. 1938. Conodonts of the Olentangy Shale. Journal of Paleontology. 12: 411–443.

Stauffer, C. R. 1940. Conodonts from the Devonian and associated clays of Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology. 14: 417–435.

Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. [L]

Stech, M, and J Dohrmann. 2004, Molecular relationships and biogeography of two Gondwanan Campylopus species, C. pilifer and C. introflexus (Dicranaceae): Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 98 415–431. 

Stech, M, and D Wagner. 2004, [Abstract] Molecular relationships, biogeography and evolution of Gondwanan Campylopus species (Dicranaceae, Bryopsida), p. 18: In S. R. Gradstein, J. Heinrichs & R. Wilson (orgs.), Bryophylogeny 2004. 10–12 September. Second International Symposium on Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.

Stechman, A., K. Hamblin, V. Perez-Brocal, D. Gaston, G. S. Richmond, M. van der Giezen, C. G. Clark, and A. J. Roger. 1008. Organelles in Blastocystis that blur the distinction between mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. Current Biology. 18: 580-585. [C]

Stechmann, A. and M. Schlegel. 1999. Analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa places Brachiopoda within the protostomes. Procedings of the Royal Society London Series B 266:2043-2052. [L]

Stechmann, A., and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2002.  Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion. Science. 297 89–91. [C,L]

Stechman, A. and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2004. Evolutionary origins of Hsp90 chaperones and a deep paralogy in their bacterial ancestors. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 5(3): 364-373. [C,L]

Steel, M., A. W. M. Dress, and S. Boecker. 2000. Simple but fundamental limitations on supertree and consensus tree methods. Systematic Biology. 49: 363-368.

Steele, R. E., C. N. David, and U. Technau.  2011. A genomic view of 500 million years of cnidarian evolution. Trends in Genetics 27(1): 7-42.

Steenkamp, E. T. and S. L. Baldauf. 2004. Origin and evolution of animals, fungi and their unicellular allies (Opisthokonta). In: Hirt, R. P. and D. S. Horner. Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny, An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics. CRC Press. New York. pp.109-132. [L]

Steenkamp, E.T., J. Wright, and S.L. Baldauf. 2005. The protistan origins of animals and fungi. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23(1):  93-106. [C]

Steer, P. J. 2006. Prematurity or immaturity? British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 113: 136-138. [C]

Stefanovic, S., L. Krueger, and R. G. Olmstead. 2002. Monophyly of the Convolvulaceae and circumscription of their major lineages based on DNA sequences of multiple chloroplast loci. American Journal of Botany. 89: 1510-1522.

Steidinger, K. A., J. M. Burkholder, H. B. Glasgow, C. W. Hobbs, J. K. Garrett, E. W. Truby, E. J. Noga, and S. A. Smith. 1996. Pfiesteria piscicida gen. et sp. Nov. (Pfiesteriaceae fam nov.), a new toxic dinoflagellate with a complex life cycle and behavior. Journal of Phycology. 32: 157-164. [L]

Steidinger, K. A., E. W. Truby, and C. J. Dawes. 1978. Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, part 1. General description. Journal of Phycology 14: 72-79. [L]

Stein, W. E. and J. S. Boyer. 2006. Evolution of land plant architecture: beyond the telome theory. Paleobiology. 32: 450-482. [C,L]

Stein, W. E., F. Mannolini, L. V. Hernick, E. Landing, and C. M. Berry. 2007. Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth’s earliest forest stumps at Gilboa. Nature 446 (19): 904-907. 

Steiner, J. M., and W. Loffelhardt. 2002. Protein import into cyanelles. Trends in Plant Sciences. 7: 72-77. 

Stellwag, E. J. 2004. Are genome evolution, organism complexity and species diversity linked? Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44: 358-365. [C]

Stelter, K., N. M. El-Sayed, and F. Seeber. 2007. The expression of a plant-type ferredoxin redox system provides molecular evidence for a plastid in the early dinoflagellate Perkinsus marinus. Protist. 158: 119-130.

Stemmer, C, A Koch, and G Gorr. 2004, [Abstract] Marker-free transformation of Physcomitrella patens. In: R. Reski, org. Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology. University of Freiburg. Freiburg. Germany. p. 46.

Stensiö, E. A. 1925. On the head of the macropetalichthyids with certain remarks on the head of other arthrodires. Field Museum of Natural History Publication (Geological Series). 4: 86-197.

Stensiö, E. A. 1927. The Devonian and Downtonian vertebrates of Spitsbergen. 1. Family Cephalaspidae. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet. 12: 1-391.

Stensiö, E. A. 1932. The Cephalaspids of Great Britain, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), xiv. 220 pp.

Stensiö, E. A. 1939. A new anaspid from the Upper Devonian of Scaumenac Bay in Canada, with remarks on the other anaspids. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 18: 1–25.

Stensiö, E. 1950. La cavité labyrinthique, l’ossification sclérotique et l’orbite de Jagorina. In: Paléontologie et transformism, Sciences d’aujourd’hui. Michel, Paris. pp. 9-43.

Stensiö, E. A. 1963. Anatomical studies on the arthrodiran head, Part I. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakadamiens Handlingar. 9:1-419.

Stensiö, E. A. 1964. Les Cyclostomes fossiles ou Ostracodermes. In: J. Piveteau, ed. Traite de Paleontologie. Masson. Paris. pp 96–383.

Stensiö, E. A. 1968. The cyclostomes with special reference to the diphyletic origin of the Petromyzontida and the Myxinoidea. In: T Ørvig, ed. Current Problems in Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny. Almqvist and Wiksell. Stockholm. pp 13–71.

Stensiö, E. 1969. Elasmobranchiomorphi, Placodermata, Arthrodires. In: Piveteau, J., ed. Traité de paleontology. Vol. 4, pp.71-692.

Stenøien, H. K. 2004, [Abstract] Adaptive basis of codon usage in Physcomitrella patens, p. 64: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Stepkowski, T., M. Czaplinska, K. Miedzinska, and L. Moulin. 2003. The Variable Part of the dnaK Gene as an Alternative Marker for Phylogenetic Studies of Rhizobia and Related Alpha Proteobacteria. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 26:  483-494. [C,L]

Stetter, K. O. 2006. Hyperthermophiles in the History of Life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361: 1837-1843. [C]

Stetter, K. O. 1996. Hypterthermophilic procaryotes. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 18:149-158.

Steudel-Numbers, K. L. 2003. The energetic cost of locomotion: humans and primates compared to generalized endotherms. Journal of Human Evolution. 44: 255-262. [C]

Stevens, N. J., E. R. Seiffert, P. M. O’Connor, E. M. Roberts, M. D. Schimitz, C. Krause, E. Gorscak, S. Ngasala, T. L. Hieronymus, and J. Temu. 2013. Nature. 497: 611-614.

Stevenson, D.W. and H. Loconte. 1995. Cladistic analysis of monocot families.  in: P.J. Rudall, P.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler, and C.J. Humphries, eds.  Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, pp. 543-578.

Stewart, I. and R. S. Nicoll. 2003. Fifteen element septimembrate apparatus structure of the early Ordovician conodont Oepikodus evae Lindström from Australia and Sweden. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 245: 361–387.

Stewart K. D. and K. R. Mattox. 1980. Phylogeny of phytoflagellates. In: E. R. Cox, ed. Phytoflagellates. Elsevier. Amsterdam, Netherlands.  pp.433–462.

Stewart, W. N. and G. W. Rothwell. 1993. Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

Steyer, J.S. 2008. Darwin, the amphibians, and the natural selection. C. R. Palevol 8: 233-241. 

Stiller, J.W. 2004. Eukaryotic phylogeny in the age of genomics: evolutionary implications of functional differences. In: Hirt, R.P. and D.S. Horner. Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny, An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics. CRC Press. New York. pp.171-188. [L]

Stiller, J. W., and B. D. Hall. 1997. The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 94: 4520-4525. [C,L]

Stiller, J. W., D. C. Reel, and J. C. Johnson. 2003. A single origin of plastids revisited: convergent evolution in organellar genome content. Journal of Phycology. 39: 95-105. [C,L]

St. J Read, V. M. and R. N. Hughes. 1987. Feeding Behaviour and Prey Choice in Macroperipatus torquatus (Onychophora). Philosophical Proceedings of the Royal Society. B. 230:483-506.

Stock, D. W. and G. S. Whitt. 1992. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA sequences that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group. Science.257: 787–789. [L]

Stöck, M., D. K. Lamatsch, C. Steinlein, J. T. Epplen, W-R. Grosse, R. Hock, T. Klapperstück, K. P. Lampert, U. Scheer, M. Schmid, and M. Schartl. 2002. A bisexually reproducing all-triploid vertebrate. Nature Genetics. 30: 325-328. [C]

Stocker, L. 2001. The invertebrate Chordata, Hemichordata, and Chaetognatha. In: Anderson, D. T., ed. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. pp. 403-422. [L]

Stoeck, T., G.T. Taylor, and S.S. Epstein. 2003. Novel eukaryotes from the permanently anoxic Cariaco Basin (Caribbean Sea). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69(9):  5656-5663. [C,L]

Stoecker, D. K. and G. T. Evans. 1985. Effects of protozoan herbivory and carnivory in a microplankton food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 25:159-167. [L]

Stoecker, D. K., A. Taniguchi, et al. 1989. Abundance of autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic planktonic ciliates in shelf and slope waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 50:241-254. 

Stoecker, D. K., and D. A. Egloff. 1987. Predation by Acartia tonsa Dana on planktonic cilaites and rotifers. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology. 110: 53-68. [L]

Stoecker, D. K., and J. J. Govoni. 1984. Food selection by young larval gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus). Marine Biology. 80: 299-306. [L]

Stoecker, D. K., A. Li, D. W. Coats, D. E. Gustafson, M. K. Nannen. 1997. Mixotrophy in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 152:1-12. [L]

Stoecker, D. K., D. E. Gustafson, and P. Verity. 1996. Micro- and mesoprotozooplankton at 140ûW in the equatorial Pacific: heterotrophs and mixotrophs. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 10:273-282.

Stoecker, D. K. and J. M. Capuzzo. 1990. Predation on protozoa: its importance to zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research. 12 (5): 891-908. [L]

Stoermer, E. F. 2001. Diatom taxonomy for paleolimnologists. Journal of Paleolimnology. 25:  393-398. [C]

Stoermer, E. F. and J. P. Smol, eds. 1999. The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Stoll, N. R., R. P. Dollfus, J. Forest, N. D. Riley, C. W. Sabrosky, C. W. Wright, and R. V. Melville. 1964. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 2nd edition. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. London.

Stone, J. 2008. (Book Review) The Geometry of Evolution: Adaptive Landscapes and Theoretical Morphospaces. Acta Zoologica 89: 181-182.

Storer, T. I. and R. L. Usinger. 1965. General Zoology. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York.

Stork, N. E. 1993. How many species are there?: Biodiversity and Conservation. 2 215–232. 

Stork, N. E., and C. H. C. Lyal. 1993, Extinction or ‘co-extinction’ rates? Nature. 366: 307 [L]

Stotler, R.E. and B. Crandall-Stotler. 2005. A revised classification of Anthocerotophyta and a checklist of the hornworts of North America, north of Mexico. The Bryologist. 108(1): 16-26. [C]

Stotler, R. E, B. J Crandall-Stotler, and W. T Doyle. 2004, [Abstract] Anthoceros phymatodes M. Howe (Anthocerotophyta) is a heterotypic synonmym of Phaeoceros bulbiculosis (Brot.) Prosk. Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 40: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Stouge, S. and G. Bagnoli. 1988. Early Ordovician conodonts from Cow Head Peninsula, western Newfoundland. Palaeontographica Italica. 75: 89–178.

Stouge, S. and G. Bagnoli. 1990. Lower Ordovician (Volkhovian–Kundan) conodonts from Hagudden, northern O¨ land, Sweden. Palaeontographica Italica. 77: 1–54.

Stouge, S. and G. Bagnoli. 1999. The suprageneric classification of some Ordovician prioniodontid conodonts. Bollettino della Societ`a Paleontologica Italiana. 37: 145–158.

Stout, J.D. 1956. Reaction of ciliates to environmental factors. Ecology. 37:178-191. [L]

Strack, D., T. Fester, B. Hause, W. Schliemann, and M. H. Walter. 2003. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: biological, chemical, and molecular aspects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29: 1955-1979. [C]

Straile, D. and A. Halbich.  2000.  Life history and multiple antipredator defenses of an invertebrate pelagic predator, Bythotrephes longimanus.  Ecology.  81(1): 150-163.

Strain, H. H. 1951. The pigments of algae. In: G. M. Smith, ed. Manual of Phycology.  Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Massachusetts. pp. 243–262.

Strait, D. S. and F. E. Grine. 2004. Inferring hominoid and early hominoid phylogeny using craniodental characters: the role of fossil taxa. Journal of Human Evolution. 47: 399-452. [C]

Strait, D. S., F. E. Grine, and M. A. Moniz. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. Journal of Human Evolution. 32: 17-82. [C]

Strait, D. S., B. G. Richmond, M. A. Spencer, C. F. Ross, P. C. Dechow, B. A. Wood. 2007. Masticatory biomechanics and its relevance to early hominid phylogeny: an examination of palatal thickness using finite-element analysis. Journal of Human Evolution xx: 1-15. [C]

Straschil, U., A. M. Talman, D. J. P. Ferguson, K. A. Bunting, Z. Xu, E. Bailes, R. E. Sinden, A. A. Holder, E. F. Smith, J. C. Coates, and R. Tewari.  2010.  The armadillo repeat protein pf16 essential for flagellar structure and function in Plasmodium male gametes.  PLoS one.  5(9): 1-9.

Strathmann, R. R. and D.J. Eernisse. 1994. What molecular phylogenies tell us about the evolution of larval forms. Amer. Zool. 34: 502-512. 

Strausfeld, N. J., C. M. Strausfeld, R. Loesel, D. Rowell, and S. Stowe. 2006. Arthropod phylogeny: onychophoran brain organization suggests an archaic relationship with a chelicerate stem lineage. Proc. R. Soc. London. B. 273: 1857-1866. [C]

Strausfeld, N. J. Brain organization and the origin of insects: an assessment. 2009. Biological Sciences. 276: 1929-1937. [C]

Street, G. T., P.A. Montagna, and P.L. Parker. 1997. Incorporation of a brown tide into an estuarine food web. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 152:67-78. [L]

Stringer, C. 2011. The Origin of Our Species. Allen Lane. New York.

Stringer, C. 2012. Lone Survivors, How We Came to be the Only Humans on Earth. Times Books. New York.

Stringer, C. and P. Andrews. 2005. The Complete World of Human Evolution. Thames and Hudson, Inc. New York.

Stringer, C. and R. McKie. 1996. African Exodus, The Origins of Modern Humanity. Henry Holt and Co., Inc. New York.

Strom, S., and M. W. Strom. 1996. Microplankton growth, grazing, and community structure in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 130:229-240. [L]

Stromberg, C. A. E.  2011.  Evolution of grasses and grassland ecosystems.  Annual Review of Planetary Earth Science.  39: 517-544.

Struck, T. H., N. Schult, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh, and K. M. Halanych.  2007.  Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura.  BMC Evolutionary Biology.  7(57): 1-11.

Storer, T. I. and R. L. Usinger. 1965. General Zoology. 4th edition.  McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York. [C]

Strong, E. E. and D. Lipscomb. 1999. Character coding and inapplicable data. Cladistics.15: 363–371.

Stuart, G. W., K. Moffett, and J.L. Leader. 2002. A comprehensive vertebrate phylogeny using vector representations of protein sequences from whole genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19:554-562. [C]

Stuart, G. W. and M. W. Berry. 2003. A comprehensive whole genome bacterial phylogeny using correlated peptide motifs defined in a high dimensional vector space. Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 1(3): 475-493. [C]

Struck, T. H., N. Schult, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh, and K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura.  BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7:57  doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-57 [C]

Strüder-Kypke, M. C., A.-D. G. Wright, S. I. Fokin, and D. H. Lynn. 2000, Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Paramecium inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences: Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14 122–130. 

Strüder-Kypke, M.C., A-D. G. Wright, W. Foissner, A. Chatzinotas, and D. H. Lynn. 2006. Molecular Phylogeny of Litostome Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) with Emphasis on Free-Living Haptorian Genera. Protist. 157: 261-278. [C]

Studlar, S. M. 2004, [Abstract] Moss harvest in West Virginia: increasing pressure on riparian habitats. Botany 2004: Abstracts, Scientific Meeting, p. 41: Botanical Society of America, Snowbird, UT.

Struck, T. H., N. Schult, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh, and K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura.  BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7:57  doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-57 [C]

Stuessy, T. F. 2010.  Paraphyly and the origin and classification of angiosperms.  Taxon. 59(3): 689-693.

Strumm-Zollinger, E. 1966. Effects of inhibition and repression on the utilization of substrates by heterogeneous bacterial communities. Appl. Microbiol. 14:654-664. [L]

Stumpf, M.P.H. and D.B. Goldstein. 2001. Genealogical and evolutionary inference with the human Y chromosome. Science. 291: 1738-1742. [C,L]

Stunkard, H. W. 1954. The life history and systematic relations of the Mesozoa. Quarterly Review of Biology. 29: 230-244. [C]

Sturt, H., R. E. Summons, K. Smith, M. Elvert, and K. Hinrichs. 2004. Intact polar membrance lipids in prokaryotes and sediments deciphered by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry-new biomakers for biogeochemistry and microbial ecology. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 18:617-628. [C]

Štys, P. and J. Zrzavý. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of extant arthropoda: review of hypotheses and nomenclature. European Journal of Entomology. 91: 257-275. [C]

Suarez, A. V., and N. D. Tsutsui.  2004.  The value of museum collections for research and society.  BioScience.  54(1): 66-74.

Suda, S., M. M. Watanabe, and I. Inouye. 1989. Evidence for sexual reproduction in the primitive green alga Nephroselmis olivacea (Praesinophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 25: 596-600. [L]

Sudzuki, M. 1977. Microscopical marine animals scarcely known from Japan. II. Occurrence of Trichoplax (Placozoa) in Shimoda. Proceedings of the Japanese Society for Systematic Zoology. 13: 1–4.

Sues, H. D. 2009. The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution. Robert Carroll (book review). John Hopkins University. xiv-360. [C]

Sues, H. D. and R. R. Reisz. 2009. Origins and early evolution of herbivory in tetrapods. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13(4): 141-145. 

Suga, H., D. Hoshiyama, S. Kuraku, K. Katoh, K. Kubokawa, and T. Miyata. 1999. Protein tyrosine kinase cDNAs from amphioxus, hagfish, and lamprey: Isoform duplications around the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49: 601–608.

Suga, K., D. M. Welch, Y. Tanaka, A. Hagiwara. 2007, Analysis of expressed sequence tags of the cyclically parthenogenetic rotifer brachionus plicatilis. PLoS ONE. 2(8): e671. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000671

Suga, H., Z. Chen, A. de Mendoza, A. Sebe-Pedros, M. W. Brown, E. Kramer, M. Carr, P. Kerner, M. Vervoort, N. Sanchez-Pons, G. Torruella, R. Derelle, G. Manning, B. F. Lang, C. Russ, B. J. Haas, A. J. Roger, C. Nusbaum, and I. Ruiz-Trillo. 2013. The Capsaspora genome reveals a complex unicellular prehistory of animals.  Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3325

Sugden, A. M., B. R. Jasny, E. Culotta, and E. Pennisi. (introducers). 2003. Charting the evolutionary history of life. Science. 300: 1691. [L]

Sugita, M, and C Sugiura. 2004, [Abstract] The loss of rpoA from the moss plastid genomes: Is it a general occurrence in mosses?, p. 30: In S. R. Gradstein, J. Heinrichs & R. Wilson (orgs.), Bryophylogeny 2004. 10–12 September. Second International Symposium on Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes. Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.

Sugiura, C, Y Kobayashi, S Aoki, C Sugita, and M Sugita. 2003, Complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens: evidence for the loss and relocation of rpoA from the chloroplast to the nucleus: Nucleic Acids Research. 31 5324–5331. 

Sugiura, C, and M Sugita. 2004, [Abstract] Plastid transformation in the moss Physcomitrella patens, p. 17: In R. Reski (org.), Abstract Book: Moss 2004, The 7th Annual Moss International Conference. Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Sulaiman, S. F., A. Culham, and J. B. Harborne.  2003.  Molecular phylogeny of Fabaceae based on rcbL sequence data: with special emphsis on the tribe Mimoseae (Mimosoideae).  Asia Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.  11(1): 9-35.

Suleiman, M. 2004, [Abstract] Moss flora of Borneo, p. 12: In K. Iwatsuki (org.), International Symposium 2004: Asian Plant Diversity and Systematics. National Museum of Japanese History, Sakura, Japan.

Sulem, P., D. F. Gudbjartsson, S. N. Stacey, A. Helgason, T. Rafnar, K. P. Magnusson, A. Manolescu, A. Karason, A. Palsson, G. Thorleifsson, M. Jakobsdottir, S. Steinberg, S. Palsson, F. Jonasson, B. Sigurgeirsson, K. Thorisdottir, Rafn, Ragnarsson, K. R. Benediktsdottir, K. K. Aben, L. A. Kiemeney, J. H. Olafsson, J. Gulcher, A. Kong, U. Thorsteinsdottir, and K. Stefansson.  2007.  Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans.  Nature Genetics.  39(12): 1443-1452.

Sulli, C., Z. Fang, U. Muchhal, and S. D. Schwartzbach. 1999. Topology of Euglena chloroplast protein precursors within endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi to chloroplast transport vesicles. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 457-463. 

Sumida, S. S. and C. A. Brochu. 2000. Phylogenetic context for the origin of feathers. American Zoology. 40: 486-503. [C]

Sumimoto, H. 2008. Structure, regulation, and evolution of Nox-family NADPH oxidases that produce reactive oxygen species. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Journal. 275: 3249-3277. [C]

Sun, G., D. L. Dilcher, H. Wang, and Z. Chen. 2011. A eudicot from the early Cretaceous of China. Nature. 471: 625-628. [C]

Sun, G., D. L. Dilcher, and S-L. Zheng. 2008. A review of recent advances in the study of early angiosperms from northeastern China. Palaeoworld. 17: 166-171. [C]

Sun, G., D. L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, and Z. Zhou. 1998. In search of the first flower: a Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science. 282: 1692-1695. [C]

Sun, G., Q. Ji, D. L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, K. C. Nixon, and X. Wang. 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new basal angiosperm family. Science. 296:899-904. [C,L]

Sun, Y., D. Z. Skinner, G. H. Liang, and S. H. Hulbert. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of Sorghum and related taxa using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 89: 26-32.

Sundberg, S. 2000, The ecological significance of sexual reproduction in peat mosses (Sphagnum): Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. 581 1–37. 

Surek, B. 2002, Meeting report. Culture collections of algae: Increasing accessibility and exploring algal biodiversity: An International Meeting at the Sammlung von Algenkulturen at Göttingen University (SAG), Germany; September 2–6, 2002. Protist. 153:343–355.

Surek, B., U. Beemelmanns, M. Melkonian, and D. Bhattacharya. 1994. Ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons demonstrate an evolutionary relationship between Zygnematales and Charophytes. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 191: 171-81.

Surkov, M. V., N. N. Kalandadze, and M. J. Benton.  2005. Lystrosaurus georgi, a dicynodont from the Lower Triassic of Russia.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.  25: 402-413.

Susanna, A. 2009.  Botanical nomenclature: master or servant?  Collectanea Botanica.  28: 141-143.

Sutherland, I. W. Microbial exopolysaccharides-their role in microbial adhesion in aqueous systems. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 10:173-201. [L]

Sutikna, T., M.W. Tocheri, M.J. Morwood, E.W. Saptomo, Jatmiko, R.D. Awe, S. Wasisto, K.E. Westaway, M. Aubert, B. Li, J-X. Zhao, M. Storey, B.V. Alloway, M.W. Morley, H.J.M. Meijer, G.D. van den Bergh, R. Grün, A. Dosseto, A. Brumm, W.L. Jungers, and R.G. Roberts. 2016. Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature. 532(7599): 366–369.

Suttle, C. A. 1994. The significance of viruses to mortality in aquatic microbial communities. Microbial Ecology. 28:237-243. [L]

Suttle, C. A., A. M. Chan, and J. D. Fuhrman. 1991. Dissolved free amino acids in the Sargasso Sea: uptake and respiration rates, turnover times, and concentrations. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 70:189-199. [L]

Suzuki, N. and Y. Aita. 2011. Radiolaria: achievements and unresolved issues: taxonomy and cytology. Plankton and Benthos Research. 6(2): 69-91.

Suzuki, N., K. Ogane, Y. Aita, M. Kato, S. Sakai, T. Kurihara, A. Matsuoka, S. Ohtsuka, A. Go, K. Nakaguchi, S. Yamaguchi, T. Takahashi, and A. Tuji.  2009.  Distribution patterns of the Radiolarian nuclei and symbionts using DAPI-Fluorescence.  Bulletin of the Natural Museum of Science, Series B. 35(4): 169-182. 

Suzuki, T., K. Ogino, K. Tsuneki, and H. Furuya. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of dicyemod mesozoans (Phylum Dicyemida) from innexin amino acid sequences: dicyemids are not related to Platyhelminthes. Journal of Parasitology. 96(3): 614-625. [C]

Suzuki, Y., T. Sasaki, M. Suzuki, Y. Nogi, T. Miwa, K. Takai, K.H. Nealson, and K. Horikoshi. 2005. Novel Chemoautotrophic Endosymbiosis between a Member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and the Hydrothermal-Vent Gastropod Alviniconcha aff. hessleri (Gastropoda:  Provannidae) from the Indian Ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71(9):  5440-5450. [C,L]

Svartman, M., G. Stone, and R. Stanyon. 2006. The Ancestral Eutherian karyotype is present in Xenarthra. PLOS Genetics 2(7): 1006-1011. 

Swale, E. M. F. and J. H. Belcher. 1974. Gyromitus disomatus Skuja – a free-living colourless flagellate. Archiv Protistenkunde. 116: 211-220.

Swalla, B.J. and A.B. Smith. 2008. Deciphering deuterostome phylogeny: molecular, morphological and palaeontological perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B. 363: 1557-1568. 

Swann, E.C., E.M. Frieders, and D.J. McLaughlin. 2001. Urediniomycetes. In: McLaughlin, D.J., E.G.  McLaughlin, and P.A. Lemke, eds. The Mycota Vii Part B. Systematics and Evolution. Springer Verlag, Berlin. pp.37-83.

Swann, E. C. and J. W. Taylor. 1993. Higher taxa of basidiomycetes: an 18S rRNA gene perspective. Mycologia. 85(6): 923-936.

Swann, E. C. and J. W. Taylor. 1995. Phylogenetic perspectives on Basidiomycete systematics: evidence from the 18S rRNA gene. Canadian Journal of Botany. 73(suppl. 1): S862-S868.

Swartz, O. 1800. Afhandling om Orchidernes slaegter och deras systematiska indelning. Kongl Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar. 21: 115-138.

Sweet, W. C. 1979a. Late Ordovician conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Western Midcontinent province. Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 26: 45–86.

Sweet, W. C. 1979b. Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of post-Tyrone Ordovician rocks of the Cincinnati region. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper. 1066-G: 1–26.

Sweet, W. C. 1981. Macromorphology of elements and apparatuses. In:Robison, R. A., ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 2, Conodonta. Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press. Lawrence. pp. W5–W20.

Sweet, W. C. 1982. Conodonts from the Winnipeg Formation (Middle Ordovician) of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology. 56: 1029–1049.

Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, Taxonomy, Paleoecology, and Evolutionary History of a Long-extinct Animal Phylum. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Sweet, W. C. and P. C. J. Donoghue. 2001. Conodonts: past, present, future. Journal of Paleontology. 75:1174-1184. [C]

Sweet, W. C. and H. P. Schönlaub. 1975. Conodonts of the genus Oulodus Branson & Mehl, 1933. Geologica et Palaeontologica. 9: 41–59.

Sweet, W. C., T. L. Thompson, and I. R. Satterfield. 1975. Conodont stratigraphy of the Cape Limestone (Maysvillian) of eastern Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey, Report of Investigations. 57: 1–59.

Swift, A. 1986. The conodont Merrillina divergens (Bender & Stoppel) from the Upper Permian of England. In: Harwood, G. M. and D. B. Smith, eds. The English Zechstein and Related Topics. Geological Society Special Publication No. 22. The Geological Society of London. London. pp. 55–62.

Swofford, D. L. (1999). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony*. Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.

Swofford, D. L. 2000. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0b2. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA.

Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP∗: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods), 4.0 beta10, Programme and documentation. Sinauer. Sunderland, MA.

Sym, S. D. and M. Kawachi. 2000. Ultrastructure of Calyptosphaera radiata sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta). European Journal of Phycology. 35:283-293.

Sym, S. D. and R. N. Pienaar. 1993. The Class Praesinophyceae. In: F. E. Round and D. J. Chapman, eds. Progress in Phycological Research. 9: 281-376.

Syvanen, M. 1994. Horizontal gene transfer: evidence and possible consequences. Annual Review of Genetics. 28: 237-261. [C]

Syvanen, M. and J. Ducore. 2010. Whole genome comparisons reveals a possible chimeric origin for a majot Metazoan assemblage. Journal of Biological Systens. 18(2): 261-275. [C]

Syvanen, M. and C. I. Kado (eds.) 1998. Horizontal gene transfer. Chapman & Hall, London.

Szaniawski, H. 2006. Biological interpretation of the structure of Panderodontidae. In: Purnell, M., P. Donoghue, R. Aldridge, and J. Repetski, eds. International Conodont Symposium 2006, Programme and Abstracts. 78. Leicester, UK.

Szaniawski, H. 2009. The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54(4): 669-676. [C]

Sze, P. 1986. A Biology of the Algae. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. [C,L]

---

By Jack R. Holt.  Last revised: 11/08/2021