The following came from: http://www.biology.duke.edu/bryology/m_backbone.html

Nucleotide sequences from eight nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genes were obtained from 30 mosses (plus four outgroup liverworts) in order to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the major clades of division Bryophyta. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference. Inferences were compared from Bayesian analyses using homogeneous and several heterogeneous models. Estimates of clade confidence were based on bootstrap analyses, posterior probabilities (in Bayesian analyses) and novel combined approaches.

Almost all ingroup relationships were congruent among analyses, but support for individual clades depended on the analytical approach. Increasingly parameterized models of nucleotide substitution in likelihood analyses provided higher goodness-of-fit to the data. The results (Fig. 1) suggest that:

1. The Bryophyta, including Sphagnum and Takakia, are monophyletic,
2. Andreaea and Andreaeobryum form a monophyletic group,
3. Oedipodium griffithianum is sister to all other operculate taxa,
4. Mosses with nematodontous peristomes are paraphyletic and basal to arthrodontous mosses,
5. Diphyscium is sister to all other arthrodontous mosses,
6. Encalypta is sister to the Funariaceae, and
7. Mosses with diplolepideous-alternate peristomes form a monophyletic group.