HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATIONN OF THE PHYLUM CYCADEOIDOPHYTA (BOLD ET AL. 1987)
| EUKARYA> ARCHAEPLASTIDA> VIRIDIPLANTAE> STREPTOBIONTA> EMBRYOPHYTA> TRACHEOPHYTA> SPERMOPHYTA> CYCADEOIDOPHYTA |
CYCADEOIDOPHYTA LINKS
| The following system follows Bold et al. (1987) and Bierhorst (1971). |
CLASS CYCADEOIDOPSIDA+.
- ORDER CYCADEOIDALES
- These plants have a fossil history which ranges from the Permian to the Cretaceous. They are very cycad-like in their growth habit and stem structure. The leaf traces are numerous and c-shaped.
- Cycadeoidea, Monanthesia.
- ORDER WILLIAMSONIALES
- These plants have a fossil history which ranges from the early to mid Mesozoic (mainly in the Jurassic). They are tree-like. Many have unisexual cones.
- Bennettitanthus, Lyssoxylon, Williamsonia
| LITERATURE CITED Banks, H. P. 1975. Reclassification of Psilophyta. Taxon. 24: 401-413. Bierhorst, D. W. 1971. Morphology of Vascular Plants. In: N. H. Giles and J. G. Torrey. The MacMillan Biology Series. The MacMillan Co. New York. Bold, H. C., C. J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas. 1987. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. 5th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. New York. Cantino, P., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56(3): E1-E44. Chaw S.-M., C. L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T. M. Vincent, and J. D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from Conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:4086-4086. Crane, P. 1996. Spermatopsida. Seed Plants. Version 01 January 1996 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Spermatopsida/20622/1996.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ Dittmer, H. J. 1964. Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom. Van Norstrand Company, Inc. New York. Doyle, J. A. 1998b. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 29:567-599. Doyle, J. A. 2006. Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 133(1): 169-209. [C] Kenrick, P. and P. R. Crane. 1997b. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington, D.C. Nagalingum, N. S., C. R. Marshall, T. B. Quental, H. S. Rai, D. P. Little, and S. Matthews. 2011. Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil. Science. 334(6057): 795-799. Northington, D. K. and J. R. Goodin. 1984. The Botanical World. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, St. Louis. Pearson, L. C. 1995. The Diversity and Evolution of Plants. CRC Press. New York. Rai, H. S., P. A. Reeves, R. Peakall, R. G. Olmstead, and S. W. Graham. 2008. Inference of higher-order conifer relationships from multi-locus plastid data set. Botany. 86:658-669. Ran, J-H., H. Gao, X-Q. Wang. 2010. Fast evolution of the retroprocessed mitochondrial rps3 gene in Conifer II and further evidence for the phylogeny of gymnosperms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54: 136-149. Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany. 89:1670-1681. Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany. 89:1670-1681. Tomescu, A. M. F. 2008. Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development. Trends in Plant Science. 14(1): 5-12 Zgurski, J. M., H. S. Rai, Q. M. Fai, D. J. Bogler, and J. Francisco-Ortega. 2008. How well do we understand the overall backbone of cycad phylogeny? New insights from a large, multigene plastid data set. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47: 1232-1237. Zhong, B., T. Yonezawa, Y. Zhong, and M. Hasegawa. 2010. The position of Gnetales among seed plants: overcoming pitfalls of chloroplast phylogenomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27(12): 2855-2863. Zhong, B., O. Deusch, V. V. Goremykin, D. Penny, P. J. Biggs, R. A. Atherton, S. V. Nikiforova, and P. J. Lockhart. 2011. Systematic error in seed plant phylogenomics. Genome Biology and Evolution. 3: 1340-1348. |
| By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 03/27/2013 |
