Skip to content

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM ENDOMYXA

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM ENDOMYXA

EUKARYA> CHROMALVEOLATA> RHIZARIAE> ENDOMYXA
ENDOMYXA LINKS

Introduction

Synoptic Description

This system is a modification of Cavalier-Smith (2002) and Cavalier-Smith and Chao (2003) as modified by Bass et al. (2009), Chantangsi et al. (2010) and Adl et al. (2005).

CLASS PHYTOMYXEA Engler and Prantl (1897) em. Cavalier-Smith1993

Intracellular plasmodial parasites of plants.

  • ORDER PHAGOMYXIDA Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Phagomyxida
  • ORDER PLASMODIOPHORIDA Cook 1928
    • Plasmodiophora, Octomyxa, Sorosphaera, Sorodiscus, Spongospora, Ligniera, Woronina, Polymyxa, and Tetramyxa.

CLASS GROMIIDEA Cavalier-Smith 2003

Free-living giant filopod with organic test with a single opening

  • ORDER GROMIDA Claparede and Lachmann 1856
    • Gromia

CLASS ASCETOSPOREA Sprague 1979 em. Cavalier-Smith 2002

Plasmodial parasites of marine invertebrates

  • ORDER HAPLOSPORIDA Caullery and Mesnil 1899
    • Haplosporidium, Bonamia, Urosporidium, Minchinia, Microcytos.
  • ORDER PARAMYXIDA Chatton 1911
    • Marteilia, Paramyxa, Paramarteilia.
  • ORDER CLAUSTROSPORIDA Cavalier-Smith 2003
    • Claustrosporidium
  • ORDER PARADINIDA Cavalier-Smith 2009
    • Paradinium

CLASS PROTEOMYXIDEA* Lankester 1885

Reticulose or filose free-living naked amoebae

  • ORDER RETICULOSIDA Cavalier-Smith 2003
    • Filoreta
  • ORDER ACONCHULINIDA De Saedeleer 1934
    • Vampyrella, Arachnula, Platyreta, Lateromyxa, Theratromyxa.
  • ORDER PSEUDOSPORIDA Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Pseudospora

* This class is paraphyletic according to recent analyses (Bass et al. 2009 and Chantangsi et al. 2010).

Bass et al. (2009) designated the following family as unassigned:

  • Rhizoplasmidae (Cavalier-Smith and Bass 2009)
    • Rhizoplasma, Protomyxa, Protogenes, Pontomyxa, Dictiomyxa, Myxodictyium.
LITERATURE CITED

Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, M. A. Farmer, R. A. Andersen, O. R. Anderson, J. R. Barta, S. S. Bowser, G. Brugerolle, R. A. Fensome, S. Fredericq, T. Y. James, S. Karpov, P. Kugrens, J. Krug, C. E. Lane, L. A. Lewis, J. Lodge, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. M. McCourt, L. Mendoza, O. Moestrup, S. E. Mozley-Standridge, T. A. Nerad, C. A. Shearer, A. V. Smirnov, F. W. Spiegel, and M. F. J. R. Taylor. 2005. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52(5):399-451.

Archibald, J. M. and P. J. Keeling. 2004a. Actin and ubiquitin protein sequences support a cercozoan/foraminiferan ancestry for the plasmodiophorid plant pathogens. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 51(1):113-118.

Archibald, J. M., D. Longet, J. Palowski, and P. J. Keeling. 2003. A novel plolyubiquitin structure in Cercozoa and Foraminifera: Evidence for a new eukaryotic supergroup. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20:62-66.

Balouet, G. 1979. Marteilia refringens – Considerations of the life cycle and development of Abers Disease in Ostrea edulis. Marine Fisheries Review. January-February 1979: 64-66.

Bass, D., D. Moreira, P. Lopez-Garcia, S. Polet, E. E. Chao, S. von der Heyden, J. Pawlowski, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. Protist. 156: 149-161.

Bass, D., E. E.-Y. Chao, S. Nikolaev, A. Yabuki, K. Ishida, C. Berney, U. Pakzad, C. Wylezich, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2009. Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised. Protist. 160: 75-109.

Burki, F., C. Berney, and J. Pawlowski. 2002. Phylogenetic position of Gromia oviformis Dujardin inferred from nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA. Protist. 153: 251-260.

Burreson, E. M. and K. S. Reece. 2006. Spore ornamentation of Haplosporidium nelsoni and Haplosporidium costale (Haplosporidia), and incongruence of molecular phylogeny and spore ornamentation in the Haplosporidia. Journal of Parasitology. 92(6): 1295-1301.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002a. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. International Journal of Systematic Evolutionary Microbiology. 52:297–354.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003a. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European Journal of Protistology. 39:338-348.

Cavalier-Smith, T. and E. E. Chao. 2003a. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist. 154: 341-358.

Chantangsi, C, and B. S. Leander. 2010. An SSU rDNA barcoding approach to the diversity of marine interstitial cercozoans, including descriptions of four novel genera and nine novel species. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60: 1962-1977.

Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1990. Heliozoa. In: Margulis, L., J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 347-362.

Grell, K. G. 1973. Protozoology. Springer-Verlag. New York.

Hess, S., N. Sausen, M. Melkonian. 2012. Shedding light on vampires: the phylogeny of vampyrellid amoebae revisited. PLoS ONE. 7(2): e31165. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031165

Hine, P. M., R. B. Carnegie, E. M. Burreson, and M. Y. Engelsma. 2009. Inter-relationships of haplosporidians deduced from ultrastructural studies. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 83: 247-256.

Kudo, R.R. 1966. Protozoology. 5th ed. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Springfield.

Kuhn, S., M. Lange, and L. K. Medlin. 2000. Phylogenetic position of Cryothecomonas inferred from nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA. Protist. 151: 337-345.

Longet, D., J. M. Archibald, P. J. Keeling, and J. Pawlowski. 2003. Foraminifera and Cercozoa share a common origin according to RNA polymerase II phylogenies. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53: 1735-1739.

Matz, M. V., T. M. Frank, N. J. Marshall, E. A. Wonder, and S. Johnsen. Giant deep-sea protist produces bilaterian-like traces. Current Biology. 18: 1849-1854.

Nikolaev, S. I., C. Berney, J. Fahrni, I. Bolivar, S. Polet, A. P. Mylnikov, V. V. Aleshin, N. B. Petrov, and J. Pawlowski. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 101(21): 8066-8071.

Patterson, D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist. 154 (Suppl.): S96–S124.

Patterson, D. J. and M. Zölffel. 1991. Heterotrophic flagellates of uncertain taxonomic position. In: Patterson, D. J. and J. Larsen, eds. The Biology of Free-Living heterotrophic Flagellates. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 427-475.

Pawlowski, J. and A. J. Gooday. 2009. Precambrian biota: protistan origin of trace fossils? Current Biology. 19(1): R28-R30.

Skovgaard, A. and N. Daugbjerg. 2008. Identity and systematic position of Paradinium poucheti and other Paradinium-like parasites of marine copepods based on morphology and nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA. Protist. 159: 401-413.
By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 03/05/2013
Print Friendly, PDF & Email

Document Footer

Skip to toolbar