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HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEUTEROSTOMATA

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE DEUTEROSTOMATA

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THE DEUTEROSTOMATA LINKS

Description of Deuterostomata

The system that I follow is that of Nielsen (2001) in raising the traditional subphyla of the “Chordata” to the phylum level. Also, I have kept the Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia together in the phylum Hemichordata. Click on the phylum names for descriptions of those taxa.
  • PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
    • CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA (1 ORDER)
      • Balanoglossus, Protoglossus, Saccoglossus, Saxipendium, Spengella, Xenopleura.
    • CLASS PTEROBRANCHIA (2 ORDERS)
      • Atubaria, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura.
    • CLASS PLANKTOSPHAERIDA (1 ORDER)
      • Planktosphaera.
  • PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
    • SUBPHYLUM PELMATOZOA
      • CLASS CRINOIDEA (5 ORDERS)
        • Antedon, Asterometra, Cenocrinus, Comantheria, Comanthina, Isometra, Metacrinus, Neometra, Phixometra, Zygometra.
    • SUBPHYLUM ELEUTHEROZOA
      • CLASS ASTEROIDEA (7 ORDERS)
        • Platysterias.
        • Astropecten, Caymanostella, Ctenodiscus, Lethmaster.
        • Amphiaster, Archaster, Asterodon, Chaetaster, Hoplaster, Linckia, Odonaster, Oreaster.
        • Acanthaster, Echinaster, Henricia, Pteraster, Remaster, Solaster.
        • Asterias, Brisinga, Evasterias, Heliaster, Leptasterias, Pisaster, Pycnopodia, Styasterias.
        • Luidia, Dermasterias, Patiria, Echinaster, Pteraster, Asterina.
      • CLASS CONCENTRICYLOIDEA (1 ORDER?)
        • Xyloplax.
      • CLASS OPHIUROIDEA (3 ORDERS)
        • Ophiocanops.
        • Asteronyx, Astrodia, Gorgonocephalus, Ophiomyxa.
        • Amphiophiura, Ophiactis, Ophiocoma, Ophioderma, Ophiolepis, Ophiomusium, Ophionereis, Ophiopholis, Ophiothrix, Ophiura.
      • CLASS ECHINOIDEA (15 ORDERS DISTRIBUTED IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
        • SUBCLASS CIDAROIDEA
        • Cidaris, Eucidaris, Notocidaris, Phyllacanthus, Psychocidaris.
        • SUBCLASS EUECHINOIDEA
        • Araeosoma, Asthenosoma, Phormosoma, Sperosoma.
        • Astropyga, Aspidodiadema, Caenopedina, Diadema, Micropyga, Plesiodiadema.
        • Arbacia, Echinometra, Echinus, Heterocentrotus, Lytechinus, Paracentrotus, Salenia, Strongylocentrotus, Toxopneustes, Tripneustes.
        • Cassidulus, Clypeaster, Dendraster, Echinocardium, Echinodiscus, Echinolampus, Encope, Fibularia, Hemiaster, Lovenia, Maretia, Mellita, Meoma, Metalia, Micropetalon, Spatanga, Urechinus.
        • Apatopygus, Claveriosoma, Diadema, Echinarachinus, Echinoneus, Moira.
      • CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA (6 ORDERS DISTRIBUTED IN 3 SUBCLASSES)
        • SUBCLASS DENDROCHIROTACEA
        • Echinocucumis, Holothuria, Mitsukuriella, Rhopalodina, Sphaerothuria, Vaneyella, Ypsilothuria.
        • Cucumaria, Eupentacta, Paracucumis, Peniagone, Placothuria, Psolus, Thyone, Thyonepsolus.
        • SUBCLASS ASPIDOCHIROTACEA
        • Actinopyga, Astichopus, Bathyplotes, Holothuria, Isostichopus, Parastichopus, Stichopus.
        • Benthodytes, Deima, Enypniastes, Pelagothuria, Scotoplanes.
        • SUBCLASS APODACEA
        • Caudina, Molpadia, Trochoderma.
        • Euapta, Leptosynapta, Synapta.
  • PHYLUM UROCHORDATA
    • CLASS ASCIDIACEA (4 ORDERS)
      • Ascidia, Botryllus, Chelyosoma, Ciona, Clavelina, Corella, Diazona, Diplosoma, Halocynthia, Lissoclinum, Molgula, Polycarpa, Psammascidia, Pyura, Styela.
    • CLASS THALIACEA (3 ORDERS)
      • Dolioletta, Doliolum, Pyrosoma, Salpa, Thetys.
    • CLASS APPENDICULARIA (ALSO CALLED LARVACEA, 1 ORDER)
      • Fritillaria, Oikopleura, Stegasoma.
    • CLASS SORBERACEA (1 ORDER)
      • Octacnemus.
  • PHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA (ALSO CALLED ACRANIA)
    • CLASS BRANCHIOSTOMATA (1 ORDER)
      • Asymmetron, Branchiostoma (Amphioxus), Epigonichthyes.
  • PHYLUM VERTEBRATA
    • SUPERCLASS MYXINOMORPHI
      • CLASS MYLLOKUNMINGIIDA+
      • CLASS MYXINI (HAGFISHES)
    • SUPERCLASS PETROMYZONTOMORPHI
      • CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA (LAMPREYS)
    • SUPERCLASS CONODONTOMORPHI+
      • CLASS CONODONTA+
    • SUPERCLASS PTERASPIDOMORPHI+
      • CLASS PTERAPSIDA+
    • SUPERCLASS ANASPIDOMORPHI+
      • CLASS ANASPIDA
    • SUPERCLASS THELODONTOMORPHI+
      • CLASS THELODONTI
    • SUPERCLASS OSTEOSTRACOMORPHI
      • CLASS CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
    • SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA
      • CLASS PLACODERMI+
      • CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES (SHARKS, SKATES, RAYS, CHIMERAS)
      • CLASS ACANTHODII+
      • CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (THE BONY FISHES)
      • CLASS STEGOCEPHALI+ -(THE TRANSITIONAL EARLY TETRAPODS)
      • CLASS BATRACHOMORPHA (CONTAINS EXTANT AMPHIBIA)
      • CLASS PROAMNIOTA+ (LEPOSPONDYLI-REPTILIOMORPHA CLADE)
      • CLASS EOSYNAPSIDA+- THE MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILES
      • CLASS MAMMALIA (CONTAINS EXTANT MAMMALS)
      • CLASS ANAPSIDA (CONTAINS TURTLES)
      • CLASS EODIAPSIDA+ (CONTAINS STEM DIAPSIDS AND ICHTHYOSAURS)
      • CLASS LEPIDOSAUROMORPHA (CONTAINS EXTANT LIZARDS, SNAKES, AND TUATARAS)
      • CLASS ARCHOSAUROMORPHA (CONTAINS CROCODILIANS & BIRDS)
LITERATURE CITED

Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. [L]

Delsuc, F., H. Brinkmann, D. Chourrout, and H. Philippe. 2006. Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Nature. 439: 965-968. [C,L]

Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [L]

Putnam, N. H., T. Butts, D. E. K. Ferrier, R. F. Furlong, U. Hellsten, T. Kawashima, M. Robinson-Rechavi, E. Shoguchi, A. Terry, J.-K. Yu, E. Benito-Gutiérrez, I. Dubchak, J. Garcia-Fernàndez, J. J. Gibson-Brown, I. V. Grigoriev, A. C. Horton, P. J. de Jong, J. Jurka, V. V. Kapitonov, Y. Kohara, Y. Kuroki, E. Lindquist, S. Lucas, K. Osoegawa, L. A. Pennacchio, A. A. Salamov, Y. Satou, T. Sauka-Spengler, J. Schmutz, T. Shin-I, A. Toyoda, M. Bronner-Fraser, A. Fujiyama, L. Z. Holland, P. W. H. Holland, N. Satoh, and D. S. Rokhsar. 2008. The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype. Nature. 453: 1064-1071. [C,L]
By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 01/18/2013
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