HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM ANOXYBACTERIA (MARGULIS AND SCHWARTZ 1988)

EUBACTERIA> FIRMICUTAE> ANOXYBACTERIA

We have used the general organization of the group called “Clostridia” in Garrity et al. (2001 and 2003). I have raised the taxa to be commensurate with a phylum-level organization as suggested by Margulis and Schwartz (1998).

LITERATURE CITED Arnon, S. S., R. Schechter, T. V. Inglesby, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher, E. Eitzen, A. D. Fine, J. Hauer, M. Layton, S. Lillibridge, M. T. Osterholm, T. O’Toole, G. Parker, T. M. Perl, P. K. Russell, D. L. Swerdlow, K. Tonat. 2001, Botulism toxin as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. JAMA. 285(8): 1059-1070. Barnes, R. S. K. 1984b. Kingdom Monera. IN: Barnes, R.S.K., ed. A synoptic classification of living organisms. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Mass. Bihari K. 2005. Safety, effectiveness, and duration of effect of BOTOX after switching from Dysport for blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and hemifacial spasm dystonia, and hemifacial spasm. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 21(3): 433–8. Black, J. G. 2002. Microbiology, Principles and Explorations. 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. Brock, T. D., M. T. Madigan, J. M. Martinko, and J. Parker. 1994. Biology of Microorganisms. 7th ed. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Carruthers, J. A., N. J. Lowe, M. A. Menter, J. Gibson, M. Nordquist, J. Mordaunt, P. Walker, and N. Eadie. 2002. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulism toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 46(6): 840-849. Collins, M. D., P. A. Lawson, A. Willems, J. J. Cordoba, J. Fernandez-Garayzabal, P. Garcia, J. Cai, H. Hippe, and J. A. E. Farrow. 1994. The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44(4): 812-826. Garrity, G. M., M. Winters, and D. Searles. 2001. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. New York. Garrity, G. M., J. A. Bell, and T. G. Lilburn. 2003. Taxonomic Outline of the Prokaryotes. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd edition. Release 4.0. Springer-Verlag. New York. pp. 1-397. Krieg, N. R. 1984. Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci. In: Krieg, N. R. and J. G. Holt, eds. Bergey´s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 1: 140-408. Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1988. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 2nd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Co. New York. Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Co. New York. McLaughlin, J., K. A. Grant, and C. L. Little. 2006. Food-borne butulism in the United Kingdom. Journal of Public Health. 28(4): 337-342. Naumann M., Y. So, C. E. Argoff, M. K. Childers, D. D. Dykstra, G. S. Gronseth, B. Jabbari, H. C. Kaufmann, B. Schurch, S. D. Silberstein, and D. M. Simpson. 2008. Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 70 (19): 1707–14. Saito, A., M. Kawahara, S. Ikeda, M. Ishimine, S. Akao, and K. Minamisawa. 2008. Broad distribution and phylogeny of anaerobic endophytes of Cluster XIVa Clostridia in plant species including crops. Microbes. Environ. 23(1): 73-80. Shantz, E. J. and E. A. Johnson. 1992. Microbiological Reviews. 56(1): 80-99. Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York. Wenham, T. and A. Cohen. 2008. Botulism. Continuing Education in Anesthesia. Critical Care and Pain. 8(1): 21-25.

By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 02/09/2012