HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA
| EUKARYA> ARCHAEPLASTIDA> VIRIDIPLANTAE> STREPTOBIONTA> EMBRYOPHYTA> ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA |
ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA LINKS
| The following system was based on Shaw and Renzaglia (2004), Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (2005), and Frey and Stech (2005). |
CLASS LEIOSPOROCEROTOPSIDA
Sporophytes very large with characteristic grooves on either side of the developing capsule. Sporogenous region massive, spores scattered among pseudoelaters; without distinctive columella; large stomata.
- ORDER LEIOSPOROCEROTALES
- Leiosporoceros
CLASS ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA
Thalli variable; spore tetrads tetrahedral. Pseudoelaters present but short (Frey and Stech 2005). Sporophytes with distinctive columella.
- ORDER ANTHOCEROTALES
- Highly ornamented and darkly pigmented spores; schizogenous mucilage canals in the dorsal half of the thallus, the occurrence of large dorsal lamellae on the thallus surface, and the development of tiered antheridia that occur in large groups and open apically (Renzaglia 1978).
- Anthoceros, Folioceros, Sphaerosporoceros.
- ORDER PHAEOCEROTALES
- Gametophytes solid; more than one antheridium per antheridial chamber; antheridial jacket made of irregular layers of cells. Spores are opaque.
- Phaeoceros, Notothylas, Hattorioceros, Mesoceros, Dendroceros, Megaceros, Nothoceros.
- ORDER DENDROCEROTALES
- Gametophytes solid; one antheridium per antheridial chamber; antheridial jacket made of irregular layers of cells. Spores are clear.
- Dendroceros, Megaceros, Nothoceros, (Hattorioceros, Mesoceros)
| LITERATURE CITED Bold, H. C., C. J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas. 1987. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. 5th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. New York. Crandall-Stotler, B. J., R. E. Stotler, W. T. Doyle, and L. L. Forrest. 2008. Phaeoceros proskaueri sp. nov, a new species of the Phaeoceros hallii (Austin) Prosk. –Phaeoceros pearsonii (M. Howe) Prosk. Complex and the systematic affinities of Paraphymatoceros Hassel. Fieldiana: Botany, N.S. 47: 213-238. Dittmer, H. J. 1964. Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom. Van Norstrand Company, Inc. New York. Duff, R. J. 2006. Divergent RNA editing frequencies in hornwort mitochondrial nad5 sequences. Gene. 366: 285-291. Frey, W. and M. Stech. 2005. A morpho-molecular classification of the Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Nova Hedwigia. 80 (3-4): 541-545. Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York. Marin, B. and M. Melkonian. 1999. Mesostigmatophyceae, a new class of streptophyte green algae revealed by SSU rRNA sequence comparisons. Protist. 150: 399-417. Pena, M. J., A. G. Darvill, S. Eberhard, W. S. York, and M. A. O’Neill. 2008. Moss and liverowrt xyloglycans contain galacturonic acids and are structurally distinct from the xyloglycans synthesized by hornworts and vascular plants. Glycobiology. 18(11): 891-904. Renzaglia, K. S. 1978. A comparative morphology and developmental anatomy of the Anthocerotophyta. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 44: 31–90. Scagel, R. F., R. J. Bandoni, J. R. Maze, G. E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, and J. R. Stein. 1982. Nonvascular Plants. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California. Schofield, W. B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York. Shaw, J. and K. Renzaglia. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of bryophytes. American Journal of Botany. 91(10): 1557-1581. Stotler, R. E. and B. Crandall-Stotler. 2005. A revised classification of Anthocerotophyta and a checklist of the hornworts of North America, north of Mexico. The Bryologist. 108(1): 16-26. |
| By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 03/20/2013 |
