HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM BETAPROTEOBACTERIA

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM BETAPROTEOBACTERIA (STACKENBRANDT ET AL. 1988)

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PHYLUM BETAPROTEOBACTERIA LINKS

The Betaproteobacteria seems to be a single clade; thus, we have a single class within the phylum. The ordinal structure is a modification of Garrity et al. (2003).

CLASS BETAPROTEOBACTERIAE
- ORDER BURKHOLDERIALES
  - Very diverse in phenotype, metabolism, and ecology; aerobes to facultative anaerobes; chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs; some are N-fixing and nodule-forming.
  - Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, Lautropia, Pandoraea, Paucimonas, Polynucleobacter, Ralstonia, Thermothrix
  - Oxalobacter, Duganella, Herbaspirillum, Janthinobacterium, Massilia, Telluria
  - Alcaligenes, Achromobacter, Bordetella, Derxia, Oligella, Pelistega, Pigmentiphaga, Sutterella, Taylorella
  - Comamonas, Acidovorax, Brachymonas, Delftia, Hydrogenophaga, Lampropedia, Macromonas, Polaromonas, Rhodoferax, Variovorax
  - Incertae Sedis: Aquabacterium, Idernella, Leptothrix, Roseateles, Rubrivivax, Sphaerotilus, Tepidomonas, Thiomonas, Xylophilius
- ORDER HYDROGENOPHILALES
  - Chemolithotrophs which use H₂ or sulfur compounds as e- donors. Carbon-fixation by Calvin cycle.
  - Hydrogenophilus, Thiobacillus
- ORDER METHYLOPHILALES
  - Aerobic rods, some motile; methanol source of carbon.
  - Methylophilus, Methylobacillus, Methylovorus
- ORDER NEISSERIALES
  - All aerobic, many with complex organic requirements. Quite variable in form; they range from cocci to rods to spirals; occurring singly, pairs, masses, or filaments. Only one genus has motility, but many are mobile when in contact with surfaces.
  - Neisseria, Alysiella, Aquaspirillum, Chromobacterium, Eikenella, Formivibrio, Iodobacter, Kingella, Microvirgula, Prolinoborus, Simonsiella, Vitreoscilla, Vogesella
- ORDER NITROSOMONADALES
  - Diverse group of organisms in shape (spirals, cocci, rods, stalked cells, and pleiomorphic cells), metabolism (chemolithotrophs, mixotrophs, chemoorganotrophs), and ecology. Organisms oxidize ammonium to nitrite.
  - Nitrosomonas, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosovibrio
  - Spirillum
  - Gallionella
- ORDER RHODOCYCLALES
  - Diverse in shape, metabolism, and ecology. Photoheterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes; includes fermenters and N-fixers.
  - Rhodocyclus, Azoarcus, Azonexus, Azospira, Azovibrio, Dechloromonas, Dechlorosoma, Ferribacterium, Propionibacter, Propionivibrio, Thauera, Zoogloea

LITERATURE CITED

Black, J. G. 2002. Microbiology, Principles and Explorations. 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.

Brock, T. D., M.T. Madigan, J.M. Martinko, and J. Parker. 1994. Biology of Microorganisms. 7th ed. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Emerson, D., J. A. Rentz, T. G. Lilburn, R. E. Davis, H. Aldrich, C. Chan, and C. L. Moyer. 2007. A novel lineage of Proteobacteria involved in formation of marine Fe-oxidizing microbial mat communities. PLoS ONE. 2007 (8): e667. http://www.plosone.org

Gao, B. and R. S. Gupta. 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of proteins that are distinctive of Archaea and its main subgroups and the origin of methanogenesis. BMC Genomics. 8:86. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/86.

Garrity, G. M., M. Winters, and D. Searles. 2001. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. New York.

Garrity, G. M., J. A. Bell, and T. G. Lilburn. 2003. Taxonomic Outline of the Prokaryotes. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd edition. Release 4.0. Springer-Verlag. New York. pp. 1-397.

Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1988. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 2nd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Co. New York.

Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Co. New York.

Stackebrandt, E., R. G. E. Murray, and H. G. Trüper. 1988. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the “Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives”. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 38(3): 321-325.

Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York.

Williams, K. P., B. W. Sobral, and A. W. Dickerman. 2007. A robust species tree for the Alphaproteobacteria. Journal of Bacteriology. 189(13): 4578-4586.

Woese, C. R. and G. E. Fox. 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA . 74:5088-5090.

Woese, C. R., O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis. 1990. Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87: 4576-4579.

By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 02/07/2012

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM BETAPROTEOBACTERIA (STACKENBRANDT ET AL. 1988)

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