HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
| EUKARYA>UNIKONTA>OPISTHOKONTA>ANIMALIA>DIPLOBLASTEA>CTENOPHORA |
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA LINKS
| Taxonomy of the Phylum after the system of the system of Hinde (2001) in which the ctenophores have 2 unequal classes. I use this system with the caveat that Brusca and Brusca (2003) question the monophyly of the two class system. Descriptions of the following taxa were taken from Barnes (1984), Brusca and Brusca (2003), Hickman (1973), Hinde (2001), Nielsen (2001), Storer and Usinger (1965), Pechenik (2005), Ruppert et al. (2004), and Tudge (2000). |
- CLASS TENTACULATA (6 ORDERS)
- Animals with 2 tentacles.
- Cestum, Velamen, Aulococtena, Bathyctena, Callianira, Dryodora, Euplokamis, Hormiphora, Lampea, Mertensia, Pleurobrachia, Tinerfe, Ganesha, Bolinopsis, Deiopea, Leucothea, Mnemiopsis, Ocyropsis, Coeloplana, Ctenoplana, Lyrocteis, Savangia, Tjalfiella.
- Animals with 2 tentacles.
- CLASS NUDA (1 ORDER)
- No tentacles. Body compressed with large
stomodaeum
(text with tooltip)
A stomodaeum is a kind of foregut in certain coelentrates, insects, etc. It is lined with ectoderm rather than endoderm.
and a wide, flexible mouth. Predators of other ctenophores.
- Beroe, Neis.
- No tentacles. Body compressed with large
stomodaeum
(text with tooltip)
A stomodaeum is a kind of foregut in certain coelentrates, insects, etc. It is lined with ectoderm rather than endoderm.
and a wide, flexible mouth. Predators of other ctenophores.
| LITERATURE CITED Aleshin, V. V. and N. B. Petrov. 2002. Molecular evidence of regression in evolution of metazoa. Zh. Obshch. Biol. 63(3):195-208. Barnes, R. D. 1980. Invertebrate Zoology. Saunders College/Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, Philadelphia. Barnes. R. S. K. 1984a. Kingdom Animalia. IN: R. S. K. Barnes, ed. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. pp. 129-257. Buchsbaum, R. 1938. Animals Without Backbones, An Introduction to the Invertebrates. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. Collins, A.G., P. Cartwright, C. S. McFadden, and B. Schierwater. 2005. Phylogenetic context and basal metazoan model systems. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45:585-594. Halanych, K. M. 2004. The new view of animal phylogeny. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics. 35:229-256. [C, L] Hickman, C. P. 1973. Biology of the Invertebrates. The C. V. Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Hinde, R. T. 2001. The Cnidaria and Ctenophora. In: Anderson, D.T., ed. Invertebrate zoology. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. pp. 29-57. Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York. Martindale, M. Q., J. R. Finnerty, and J. Q. Henry. 2002. The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 24:358-365. Pechenik, J. A. 2005. Biology of the Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill. New York. Podar, M., S.H.D. Haddock, M.L. Sogin, and G.R. Harbisons. 2001. A molecular phylogenetic framework for the phylum ctenophore using 18S rRNA genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 21:218-230. [C] Ruppert, E. E. and R. D. Barnes. 1994. Invertebrate Zoology. 6th edition. Saunders. Ft Worth, TX. Storer, T. I. and R. L. Usinger. 1965. General Zoology. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York . Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York. |
| By Jack R. Holt and Carlos A. Iudica. Last revised: 02/02/2016 |
