HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA (NITSCHE 1869)
| EUKARYA> UNIKONTA> OPISTHOKONTA> ANIMALIA> METAZOA> BILATERIA> PROTOSTOMATA> SPIRALIA> TROCHOZOA> POLYZOA> ECTOPROCTA |
ECTOPROCTA LINKS
| We took this taxonomy from Brusca and Brusca (2003) and Pechenik (2005). |
CLASS PHYLACTOLAEMATA (1 ORDER)
- Monomorphic, freshwater; large cylindrical zooids in non-calcareous colonies; polyps with body wall musculature, large horseshoe-shaped lophopohre, well-developed
epistome
(text with tooltip)
The epistome is a part of the head in different arthropods. It is the region behind the mouth in insects and between the antennae and the mouth in crustaceans. It also is the preoral lobe of phoronids and ectoprocts.
with a coelomic compartment, and resting buds (
statoblasts
(text with tooltip)
A statoblast is an asexual (and over-wintering) reproductive structure produced by certain ectoproct bryozoans.
) which overwinter, disperse and “germinate” when conditions improve. Coelomic compartments of different individuals intercommunicate. Some colonies mobile.
- Cristatella, Hydinella, Pectinatella, Lophopus, Lophopodella, Plumatella.
CLASS STENOLAEMATA (1 ORDER)
- Marine, cylindrical zooids in tubular, calcareous shells; circular terminal aperture without an operculum; without an epistome; circular lophophore not protruded by deformation of the calcareous covering but by hydrostatic pressure and muscular action; limited polymorphism; polyembryony is common (often more than 100 embryos develop from one zygote).
- Actinopora, Crisia, Diaperoecia, Disporella, Idmodronea, Tubulipora.
CLASS GYMNOLAEMATA (2 ORDERS)
- Polymorphic, mostly marine; with non- or partially-calcified walls, which when deformed protrude the lophophore; without epistome or body wall musculature; lophophore circular; lophophoral orifice closable; interconnecting pores in polyp walls plugged by special cells.
- Aethozoon, Alcyonidium, Alcyonium, Amathia, Bowerbankia, Flustrellidra, Nolella, Tubiporella, Victorella.
- Bugula, Callopora, Carbasea, Cellaria, Clavopora, Conopaeum, Cornucopina, Cribilaria, Cryptosula, Cupuladria, Electra, Eurystomella, Flustra, Hippothoa, Membranipora, Metrabdotus, Microporella, Pentapora, Pherusella, Porella, Pyripora, Rhamphostomella, Schizoporella, Thalamoporella, Tricellaria.
| LITERATURE CITED Barnes, R. D. 1980. Invertebrate Zoology. Saunders College/Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, Philadelphia. Barnes. R. S. K. 1984a. Kingdom Animalia. IN: R. S. K. Barnes, ed. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. pp. 129-257. Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. Buchsbaum, R. 1938. Animals Without Backbones, An Introduction to the Invertebrates. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. Hickman, C. P. 1973. Biology of the Invertebrates. The C. V. Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York. Meglitsch, P. A. and F. R. Schramm. 1991. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Pechenik, J. A. 2005. Biology of the Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill. New York. Ruppert, E. E. and R. D. Barnes. 1994. Invertebrate Zoology. 6th edition. Saunders. Ft Worth, TX. Ruppert, E. E., R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes. 2004. Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Seventh Edition. Thomson, Brooks/Cole. New York. pp. 1-963. Storer, T. I. and R. L. Usinger. 1965. General Zoology. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York. |
| By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 01/29/2012 |
