HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA (BESSEY 1907)
| EUKARYA> ARCHAEPLASTIDA> VIRIDIPLANTAE> STREPTOBIONTA> EMBRYOPHYTA> TRACHEOPHYTA> SPERMOPHYTA> GNETOPHYTA |
GNETOPHYTA LINKS
| This system is taken from Bold et al. (1987). |
CLASS GNETOPSIDA
- ORDER EPHEDRALES
- These plants are highly branched, green-stemmed shrubs with small leaves in whorls or opposite. Mostly dioecious; strobili solitary, paired or grouped, terminal or on branches arising from the axils of bracts; male strobilus with 1 stamen (These are grouped into compound strobili).
- Ephedra.
- ORDER GNETALES
- Usually vines (rarely shrubs or trees); with opposite, net-veined leaves. Compound strobili spike-like with strobili in the axils of united scale-like bracts; male strobilus with 1 stamen.
- Gnetum.
- ORDER WELWITCHIALES
- Plants with short stem and large tap root; 2 broad, continuously growing, strap-like, opposite leaves with parallel veins. Compound strobili cone-like and growing from the axils of bracts.; male strobilus with 6 stamens and rudimentary ovule.
- Welwitschia.
| LITERATURE CITED Banks, H. P. 1975. Reclassification of Psilophyta. Taxon. 24: 401-413. Bierhorst, D. W. 1971. Morphology of Vascular Plants. In: N. H. Giles and J. G. Torrey. The MacMillan Biology Series. The MacMillan Co. New York. Bold, H. C., C. J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas. 1987. Morphology of Plants and Fungi. 5th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. New York. Cantino, P., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56(3): E1-E44. Chaw S.-M., C. L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T. M. Vincent, and J. D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from Conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:4086-4086. Cocucci, A. and A. Hunziker. 1976. Los ciclos biologicos en el Reino Vegetal. Ed. Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Cordoba.Doyle, J. A. 2005. Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms. Journal of the Torrey Botanical society. 133: 169-209. Crane, P. 1996. Spermatopsida. Seed Plants. Version 01 January 1996 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Spermatopsida/20622/1996.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ Dittmer, H. J. 1964. Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom. Van Norstrand Company, Inc. New York. Doyle, J. A. 1998b. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 29:567-599. Doyle, J. A. 2006. Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 133(1): 169-209. [C] Friedman, W. E. 1990a. Double fertilization in Ephedra, a nonflowering seed plant: its bearing on the origin of angiosperms. Science 247:951-954. Friedman, W. E. 1990b. Sexual reproduction in Ephedra nevadensis (Ephedraceae): further evidence of double fertilization in a nonflowering seed plant. American Journal of Botany. 77:1582-1598. Friedman, W. E. 1992. Evidence of a pre-angiosperm origin of endosperm: implications for the evolution of flowering plants. Science 225:336-339. Friedman, W. E., R. C. Moore, and M. D. Purugganan. 2004. The evolution of plant development. American Journal of Botany 91: 1726-1741. Friedman, W. E. 1994. The evolution of embryogeny in seed plants and the developmenal origin and early history of endosperm. American Journal of Botany. 81:109:153-226. Friedman, W. E. and S. K. Floyd. 2001. Perspective: The origin of flowering plants and their reproductive biology – a tale of two phylogenies. Evolution 55:217-231. Hilton, J. and R. M. Bateman. 2006. Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny. Journal of the Torrey Botanicaal Society. 133(1): 119-168. Kenrick, P. and P. R. Crane. 1997b. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington, D.C. Matthews, S. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships among seed plants: persistent questions and the limits of molecular data. American Journal of Botany. 96(1): 228-236. Northington, D. K. and J. R. Goodin. 1984. The Botanical World. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, St. Louis. Pearson, L. C. 1995. The Diversity and Evolution of Plants. CRC Press. New York. Rai, H. S., P. A. Reeves, R. Peakall, R. G. Olmstead, and S. W. Graham. 2008. Inference of higher-order conifer relationships from multi-locus plastid data set. Botany. 86:658-669. Ran, J-H., H. Gao, X-Q. Wang. 2010. Fast evolution of the retroprocessed mitochondrial rps3 gene in Conifer II and further evidence for the phylogeny of gymnosperms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54: 136-149. Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany. 89:1670-1681. Tomescu, A. M. F. 2008. Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development. Trends in Plant Science. 14(1): 5-12 Zgurski, J. M., H. S. Rai, Q. M. Fai, D. J. Bogler, and J. Francisco-Ortega. 2008. How well do we understand the overall backbone of cycad phylogeny? New insights from a large, multigene plastid data set. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47: 1232-1237. Zhong, B., T. Yonezawa, Y. Zhong, and M. Hasegawa. 2010. The position of Gnetales among seed plants: overcoming pitfalls of chloroplast phylogenomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27(12): 2855-2863. Zhong, B., O. Deusch, V. V. Goremykin, D. Penny, P. J. Biggs, R. A. Atherton, S. V. Nikiforova, and P. J. Lockhart. 2011. Systematic error in seed plant phylogenomics. Genome Biology and Evolution. 3: 1340-1348. |
| By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 03/27/2013 |
