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HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM MYXOZOA

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM MYXOZOA

EUKARYA>UNIKONTA>OPISTHOKONTA>ANIMALIA>RADIATA>MYXOZOA
PHYLUM MYXOZOA LINKS

Description of Phylum

Synoptic Description

The taxonomy of the phylum follows the systems of Lom (1990) and Weiser (1985a). Descriptions of the following taxa were taken from Lom (1990), Margulis and Schwartz (1998), Sleigh et al. (1984), Grell (1973), and Weiser (1985a).
  • CLASS MYXOSPOREA (2 ORDERS)
    • Spores with 1-2 sporoplasms and usually 2 (sometimes up to 6) polar capsules; usually 2 valves in the spore wall; trophozoite stage well developed and main increase in numbers occurs in this stage; in body spaces and tissues of ectothermic vertebrates.
    • ORDER BIVALVULIDA
    • Spores open in 2 valves.
      • Myxosoma, Myxobolus, Henneguya, Unicauda, Unicapsula, Wardia, Mitraspora, Myxoproteus, Thelohanellus, Hoferellus, Trigonosporous, Neohenneguya, Coccomyxa, Myxidium, Sphaerospora, Myxobilatus, Ceratomyxa, Zschokkella.
    • ORDER MULTIVALVULIDA
    • Spores opening in 3 or more valves.
      • Chloromyxum, Agarella, Hexacapsella, Kudoa, Trilospora.
  • CLASS ACTINOSPOREA (1 ORDER)
    • Spores with 3 polar capsules and spore wall of 3 valves; several or many sporoplasms; main increase in numbers occurs in sporogenesis and trophozoite stage reduced; in invertebrates, mainly annelids. A single order, ACTINOMYXIDA.
      • Triactinomyxon, Tetractinomyxon, Sphaeractinomyxon, Neoactinomyxon, Guyenotia, Raabeia, Echinactinomyxon, Aurantiactinomyxon, Siedleckiella, Antonactinomyxon, Hexactinomyxon, Helicosporidium.
LITERATURE CITED

Fast, N. M. and P. J. Keeling. 2001. Alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 from the microsporidian Nosema locustae mitochondrion-derived carbon metabolism in microsporidia. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 117(2):201-209.

Grell, K. G. 1973. Protozoology. Springer-Verlag. New York.

Kudo, R.R. 1966. Protozoology. 5th ed. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Springfield.

Keeling, P.J. 2002. Congruent evidence from α-tubulin and β-tubulin gene phylogenies for a zygomycete origin of microsporidia. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 38: 298-309.

Lom, J. 1990. Myxozoa. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 36-52.

Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York.

Ragan, M.A., C.A. Murphy, and T. G. Rand. 2003. Are Ichthyosporea animals or fungi? Baysean phylogenetic analysis of elongation factor 1α of Ichthyophonus irregularis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29: 550-562.

Siddall, M. E., D. S. Martin, D. Bridge, S. S. Desser, and D. K. Cone. 1995. The demise of a phylum of protists: phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. Journal of Parasitology 81:961-967.

Sleigh, M.A., J.D. Dodge and D.J. Patterson. 1984. Kingdom Protista. In: Barnes, R.K.S., ed. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass.

Smothers, J. F., C. D. von Dohlen, L. H. Smith, Jr., and R. D. Spall. 1994. Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans. Science. 265:1719-1721.

Sokolova, Y. Y., V. V. Dolgikh, E. V. Morzhina, E. S. Nassonova, I. V. Issi, R. S. Terry, J. E. Ironside, J. E. Smith, and C. R. Vossbrinck. 2003. Establishment of the new genus Paranosema based on the ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of the type species Paranosema grylli Gen. Nov., Comb. Nov. (Sokolova, Selezniov, Dolgikh, Issi 1994), from the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 84: 159-172.

Weill, R. 1938. L’interpretation des Cnidosporides et la valeur taxinomique de leur cnidome. Leur cycle compare a la phase larvaire des Narcomeduses Cuninides. Travaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux. 13:727-744.

Weiser, J. 1985a. Phylum Myxozoa. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 384-392.

Weiser, J. 1985b. Phylum Microspora. In: Lee, J.J., S.H. Hunter, and E.C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 375-383.
By Jack R. Holt and Carlos A. Iudica. Last revised: 01/27/2013
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