HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYLUM NEMATODA
| EUKARYA> UNIKONTA> OPISTHOKONTA> ANIMALIA> BILATERIA> PROTOSTOMATA> ECDYSOZOA> NEMATOIDA> NEMATODA |
PHYLUM NEMATODA LINKS
| The taxonomy of the phylum is based on the system of Brusca and Brusca (2003), which is quite conservative. Descriptions of the following taxa were taken from Margulis and Schwartz (1998), Barnes (1984), Brusca and Brusca (2003), Storer and Usinger (1965), and Tudge (2000). |
- CLASS ADENOPHOREA (APHASMIDA; 12 ORDERS)
- Mainly free-living; without
phasmids
(text with tooltip)
A phasmid is a sensory organ of parasitic nematodes.
;
amphids
(text with tooltip)
Amphids (n.) are chemosensory organs at the anterior end of some Nematoda.
located posteriorly in the head region; sensory bristles and papillae on the head and body; excretory organ, when present, single-celled and without collecting tubules; males without lateral extensions of the tail region.
- Desmodora, Dioctophyme, Monhystera, Enoplus, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Trichuris.
- Mainly free-living; without
phasmids
(text with tooltip)
A phasmid is a sensory organ of parasitic nematodes.
;
amphids
(text with tooltip)
Amphids (n.) are chemosensory organs at the anterior end of some Nematoda.
located posteriorly in the head region; sensory bristles and papillae on the head and body; excretory organ, when present, single-celled and without collecting tubules; males without lateral extensions of the tail region.
- CLASS SECERNENTEA (PHASMIDA; 8 ORDERS)
- Mostly terrestrial or parasitic; with phasmids; with amphids located anteriorly in the head region and opening and opening on lateral lips; excretory system includes collecting tubules; without somatic setae or papillae, except sometimes on the tail of males; Males often with lateral extensions of the tail region.
- Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Gnathostoma, Dracunculus, Filaria, Camallanus, Wuchereria.
- Mostly terrestrial or parasitic; with phasmids; with amphids located anteriorly in the head region and opening and opening on lateral lips; excretory system includes collecting tubules; without somatic setae or papillae, except sometimes on the tail of males; Males often with lateral extensions of the tail region.
| LITERATURE CITED Aguinaldo, A. M. A., J. M. Turbeville, L. S. Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff, and J. A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature. 387:489-493. Barnes, R. D. 1980. Invertebrate Zoology. Saunders College/Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, Philadelphia. Barnes. R. S. K. 1984a. Kingdom Animalia. IN: R. S. K. Barnes, ed. A Synoptic Classification of Living Organisms. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. pp. 129-257. Blaxter, M. L., P. De Ley, J. R. Garey, L. X. Lie, P. Scheldeman, A. Vierstraete, J. R. Vanfleteren, L. Y. Mackey, M. Dorris, L. M. Frisse, J. T. Vida, and W. K. Thomas. 1998. Nature. 392: 71-75. Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. Buchsbaum, R. 1938. Animals Without Backbones, An Introduction to the Invertebrates. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. Dorris, M., P. De Ley, and M. L. Blaxter. 1999. Molecular analysis of nematode diversity and the evolution of parasitism. Parasitology Today. 15(5): 188-193. Giribet, G., C. W. Dunn, G. D. Edgecombe, and G. W. Rouse. 2007. A modern look at the Animal Tree of Life. Zootaxa. 1668: 61-79. Hickman, C. P. 1973. Biology of the Invertebrates. The C. V. Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Lartillot, N. and H. Philippe 2008. Improvement of molecular phylogenetic inference and the phylogeny of Bilateria. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363: 1463-1472. Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms, an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth. 3rd Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company. New York. Nicholas, W.L. 2001b. The pseudocoelomate Ecdysozoa. In: Anderson, D.T., ed. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. pp. 98-119. Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [L] Noble, E. R. and G. A. Noble. 1976. Parasitology, The Biology of Animal Parasites. 4th edition. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia. Pechenik, J. A. 2005. Biology of the Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill. New York.Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the Nematomorpha – a discussion of current hypotheses. Zoologischer Anzeiger 236:203-216. Philip, G. K., C. J. Creevey, and J. O, McInerney. 2005. The opisthokonta and ecdysozoa may not be clades: stronger support for the grouping of plant and animal than for animal and fungi and stronger support for the coelomata than edysozoa. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22(5):1175-1184. Philippe, H., N. Lartillot, and H. Brinkman. 2005. Multigene analyses of bilaterian animals corroborate the monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 1246-1253. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the Nematomorpha – a discussion of current hypotheses. Zoologischer Anzeiger 236:203-216. Storer, T. I. and R. L. Usinger. 1965. General Zoology. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Telford, M. J. S. J. Bourlat, A. Economou, D. Papillion, and O. Rota-Stabelli. 2008. The evolution of Ecdysozoa. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363: 1529-1537. Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York. Webster, B. L., R. R. Copley, R. A. Jenner, J. A. Makenzie-Dodds, S. J. Bourlat, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. T. J. Littlewood, and M. J. Telford. 2006. Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan. Evol. Dev. 8: 502-510. |
| By Jack R. Holt and Carlos A. Iudica. Last revised: 02/04/2012 |
