HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROTOSTOMATA (MacAlister 1879)
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PROTOSTOMATA LINKS
| Phyla of the Protostomata are organized within two major clades: Ecdysozoa and Spiralia (=Lophotrochozoa). The organization of this |
FIGURE 1. Major clades of the Protostomata (P) within the Animalia.
E = Ecdysozoa
S = Spiralia
| TABLE 1. Chaetognatha and the superphyla Ecdysozoa and Spiralia that make up the large bilaterian group called Protostomata. Click on the linked terms below to go to their respective descriptions. |
- PROTOSTOMATA (MacAlister 1879)
CHAETOGNATHA (Leuckart 1854)- ECDYSOZOA (Aguinaldo et al. 1997)
- NEMATOIDA (Schmidt-Rhaesa 1998) [from NEMATOIDEA (Rudolphi 1808)]
- PANARTHROPODA (Zrzavy et al. 1998)
- SCALIDOPHORA (Schmidt-Rhaesa 1998)
SPIRALIA (Giribet 2002)
- TROCHOZOA (Roule 1891)
- PLATYZOA (Cavalier-Smith 1998)
| LITERATURE CITED Aguinaldo, A. M. A., J. M. Turbeville, L. S. Linford, M. C. Rivera, J. R. Garey, R. A. Raff, and J. A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature. 387:489-493. Brusca, R. C. and G. J. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998a. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 73: 203-266. Dunn, C. W., A. Hejnol, D. Q. Matus, K. Pang, W. E. Browne, S. A. Smith, E. Seaver, G. W. Rouse, M. Obst, G. D. Edgecombe, M. V. Sørensen, S. H. D. Haddock, A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. Okusu, R. M. Kristensen, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, and G. Giribet. 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature. 452: 745-749. Edgecombe, G. D., G. Giribet, C. W. Dunn, A. Hejnol, R. M. Kristensen, R. C. Neves, G. W. Rouse, K. Worsaae, and M. V. Sorensen. 2011. Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions. Organisms Diversity and Evolution. DOI 10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. Giribet, G. 2002. Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. a new paradigm for the Cambrian Explosion? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 24:345-357. Giribet, G., C. W. Dunn, G. D. Edgecombe, and G. W. Rouse. 2007. A modern look at the Animal Tree of Life. Zootaxa. 1668: 61-79. Leuckart, R. 1853-1854. Zoologische Unterschungen. 3 Hefte. Gießen, Germany. MacAlister, A. 1879. Zoology of the Invertebrate Animals. Henry Holt and Co. New York. Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [L] Raff, R. A. 2001. Metazoan phylogeny. In: Anderson, D.T., ed. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK . pp. 424-446. Roule, L. 1891. Considerations sur l’embranchement des Trochozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelle (Zoologie). 7e série 11: 121–178. Rudolphi, C. A. 1808. Entozoorum sive Vermium Intestinalum Historia naturalis. Amsterdam. 1:1-527. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the Nematomorpha – a discussion of current hypotheses. Zoologischer Anzeiger 236:203-216. Tudge, C. 2000. The Variety of Life, A Survey and a Celebration of all the Creatures That Have Ever Lived. Oxford University Press. New York. [C,L] Valentine, J. W. 2004. On the Origin of Phyla. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. pp. 614. Zrzavy [Zrvavy], J., S. Mihulka, P. Kepka, A. Bezdek, and D. Tietz. 1998. Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics. 14:249-285. |
| By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 02/04/2012 |
