HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPIRALIA

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPIRALIA (GIRIBET 2002)

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The taxonomic system below is modified from Brusca and Brusca (2003), Valentine (2004), and Nielsen (2001). However, there have been major changes in the relative positions of the phyla due to more recent molecular phylogenetic work (summarized in Edgecombe et al. 2011). Please see the respective phylum pages for descriptions of the higher taxa.

TROCHOZOA (Roule 1891)

EUTROCHOZOA (Eernisse et al. 1992)

PHYLUM ANNELIDA (Lamarck 1809)
- CLASS POLYCHAETA Grube 1850 (25 ORDERS)
  - Abarenicola, Arenicola, Capitella, Notomastus, Clymenella, Maldane, Praxiella.
  - Chaetopterus, Mesochaetopterus, Phylochaetopteris.
  - Cirratulus, Cirriformia, Dodecaceria.
  - Arabella, Drilonereis, Eunice, Marphysa, Palola, Ichthyotomus, Lumbrinerides, Ninoe, Diopatra, Onuphis, Paradiopatra.
  - Asteriomyzostomum, Cystimyzostomum, Myzostoma.
  - Armandia, Euzonus, Ophelia, Polyphthalmus.
  - Polyphysia.
  - Polydora, Scolelepis, Spio, Spiophanes.
  - Orbinia, Scoloplos.
  - Owenia.
  - Alciopa, Alciopina, Torrea, Vanadis, Aphrodita, Pontogenia, Glycera, Glycerella, Hemipodus, Aglaphamus, Micronephtyes, Nephtyes, Cheilonereis, Dendronereis, Neanthes, Nereis, Platynereis, Eteone, Eulalia, Notophyllum, Phyllodoce, Arctonoe, Gorgoniapolynoe, Eulagisca, Halosydna, Harmothoe, Hesperonoe, Polynoa, Autolytus, Brania, Odontosyllis, Trypanosyllis, Tomopteris.
  - Bispira, Eudistylia, Fabricia, Myxicola, Sabella, Schizobranchia, Filograna, Hydroides, Serpula, Spirobranchus, Circeis, Paralaeospira, Spirorbis.
  - Amphictene, Pectinaria, Petta, Phragmatopoma, Sabellaria, Amphitrite, Pista, Polycirrus, Terrebella, Thelepus.
  - Manayunkia, Polygordius.
- CLASS POGONOPHORA
  - SUBCLASS PERVIATA (1 ORDER)
    - Birstenia, Heptabrachia, Diplobrachia, Lamellissbella, Oligobrachia, Polybrachia, Siboglinum, Spirobrachia, Zenkevitchiana.
  - SUBCLASS OBDURATA (ALSO CALLED VESTMENTIFERA; 1 ORDER)
    - Escarpia, Lamellabrachia, Oasisia, Ridgeia, Riftia, Tevnia.
- CLASS ECHIURIDA (3 ORDERS)
  - Achaetobonellia, Bonellia, Bruunella, Echiurus, Listriolobus, Thalassema, Tatjanellia
  - Urechis.
  - Ikeda.
- CLASS CLITELLATA (7 ORDERS IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
  - SUBCLASS OLIGOCHAETA (4 ORDERS)
    - Aeolosoma.
    - Lamprodillus, Rhynchelmis, Stylodrilus, Styloscolex, Trichodrylus, Desmogaster, Moniligaster.
    - Alma, Callidrilus, Megascolides, Megascolex, Pheretima, Inanidrillus, Olavius, Branchiura, Clitellio, Limnodrilus, Tubifex, Branchiodrilus, Dero, Ripistes, Slavina, Stylaria, Allolobophora, Diporodrilus, Eisenia, Lumbricus
    - Nais, Enchytraeus, Allolobophora.
  - SUBCLASS HIRUDINOIDEA (3 ORDERS)
    - Acanthobdella.
    - Branchiobdella, Cambarinicola, Stephanodrilus.
    - Erpobdella, Glossophonia, Haemapsida, Hirudo, Oxobranchus, Piscicola, Pontobdella, Placobdella, Macrobdella, Haemopis, Dina.
- CLASS SIPUNCULA (2 ORDERS, EACH IN A SEPARATE SUBCLASS)
  - SUBCLASS SIPUNCULIDA (1 ORDER)
    - Themiste, Onchnesoma, Phascolion, Golfingia, Nephasoma, Thysanocardia.
    - Phascolopsis, Siphonomecus, Siphonosoma, Sipunculus, Xenosiphon.
  - SUBCLASS PHASCOLOSOMIDA (1 ORDER)
    - Aspidosiphon, Cloeosiphon, Lithacrosiphon.
    - Antillesoma, Apionsoma, Phascolosoma, Dendrostomum.

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (Linnaeus 1758)
- CLASS APLACOPHORA (2 SUBCLASSES, EACH WITH A SINGLE ORDER)
  - SUBCLASS CHAETODERMOMORPHA
    - Chaetoderma, Falcidens, Limifossor, Psilodens, Scutopus.
  - SUBCLASS NEOMENIOMORPHA
    - Chevroderma, Dondersia, Epimenia, Kruppomenia, Neomenia, Proneomenia, Pruvotina, Rhopalomenia, Spengalomenia.
- CLASS MONOPLACOPHORA (1 ORDER)
  - Laevipilina, Micropilina, Monoplacophorus, Neopilina, Rokopella, Vema.
- CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA (3 ORDERS)
  - Chloriplax, Lepidochiton, Lepidopleurus, Oldroydia.
  - Callistochiton, Chaetopleura, Ischnochiton, Katharina, Lepidozona, Mopalia, Placiphorella, Schizoplax, Tonicella.
  - Acanthochitona, Chitona, Cryptochiton, Cryptoplax.
- CLASS GASTROPODA (15 ORDERS IN 3 SUBCLASSES)
  - SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA
    - Perotrochus, Pleurotomaria, Scissurella, Haliotis, Diodora, Fissurella, Lucapinella, Puncturella, Acamea, Collistella, Lottia, Calliostoma, Margatites, Patella, Tegula, Trochus, Astrea, Nerita, Theodoxus, Alcidia, Helicinia, Crepidula.
    - Hydrobia, Viviparus, Littorina, Turitella, Caecum, Serpulorbis, Tripsycha, Vermetus, Vermicularia, Cerithium, Liocerithium, Cerithidea, Strombus, Epitonium, Janthina, Hipponix, Capulus, Calyptraea, Crepidula, Crucibulum, Carinaria, Natica, Polinices, Erato, Trivia, Cypraea, Jenneria, Ovula, Simnia, Malea, Cassis, Ficus.
    - Buccinum, Cantharus, Macron, Metula, Anachis, Columbella, Mitrella, Nassarina, Pyrene, Strombina, Coralliophila, Latiaxis, Fasciolaria, Fusinus, Leucozonia, Troschellia, Harpa, Garnula, Melongena, Mitra, Subcancilla, Cerastoma, Hexaplex, Murex, Phyllonotus, Pteropurpura, Pterynotus, Acanthina, Morula, Neorapana, Nucella, Purpura, Thais, Nassarius, Cymbium, Lyria, Voluta, Admete, Cancellaria, Conus, Crassispira,Terebra.
  - SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA:
    - Acochlidium, Unela.
    - Acteon, Aglaja, Bulla, Chelidonura, Haminoea, Navanax, Retusa, Rictaxis, Scaphander.
    - Ilbia, Runcina
    - Berethellina, Elysia, Oxynoe, Tridachia.
    - Aplysia, Dolabella, Stylocheilus.
    - Clio, Limacina.
    - Clione.
    - Berthellina, Gymnotoplax, Pleurobranchus, Tylodina.
    - Acanthodoris, Aegires, Aeolidia, Aeolis, Armina, Cavolina, Chromodoris, Corambe, Coryphella, Dendrodoris, Dendronotus, Diaulula, Doris, Embletonia, Fiona, Glaucus, Hermisenda, Hexabranchus, Hopkinsia, Limacina, Janolus, Phidiana, Philine, Phyllidia, Platydoris, Pneumoderma, Polycera, Rostanga, Scyllaea, Tambja, Trinschesia.
  - SUBCLASS PULMONATA:
    - Cassidula, Ellobium, Otina.
    - Bulinus, Carychium, Chilina, Lanx, Physa, Planorbis, Polygyra, Siphonaria, Trimusculus.
    - Achatina, Arion, Bulimulus, Cepaea, Haplotrema, Helix, Liguus, Limax, Megaspira, Oreohelix, Pupilla, Rachis, Succinea, Vertigo.
    - Onchidella, Onchidium, Rhodope.
- CLASS BIVALVIA (ALSO CALLED PELECYPODA OR LAMELLIBRANCHIATA; 10 ORDERS IN 3 SUBCLASSES)
  - SUBCLASS PALAEOTAXODONTA:
    - Malletia, Nucula, Yoldia.
  - SUBCLASS CRYPTODONTA
    - Solemya.
  - SUBCLASS PTERIODONTA:
    - Adula, Brachydontes, Lithophaga, Modiolus, Mytilus, Anadara, Arca, Barbatia, Glycymeris, Crassostrea, Ostrea, Pinctada, Pteria, Malleus, Atrina, Pinna, Lima, Chlamys, Lyropecten, Pecten, Spondylus, Anomia, Pododesmus.
  - SUBCLASS PALAEOHETERODONTA
    - Lampsilis, Anodonta, Ensis, Quadrula.
  - SUBCLASS HETERODONTA
    - Clinocardium, Laevicardium, Trachycardium, Cardita, Tridacna, Mactra, Ensis, Solen, Florimetis, Macoma, Tellina, Leptomya, Semele, Donax, Chione, Dosinia, Pitar, Protothaca, Tivela, Corbicula, Cardium, Mercenaria, Unio.
    - Barnea, Chaceia, Martesia, Pholas, Bankia, Toredo, Corbula, Mya.
  - SUBCLASS ANOMALODESMATA:
    - Cuspidaria, Poromya, Pandora.
- CLASS SCAPHOPODA (2 ORDERS)
  - Dentalium, Fustiaria, Laevidentalium, Pulsellum, Annulipulsellum, Cadulus, Gadila.
- CLASS CEPHALOPODA (5 ORDERS IN 2 SUBCLASSES)
  - SUBCLASS NAUTILOIDEA (ALSO CALLED TETRABRANCHIATA):
    - Nautilus.
  - SUBCLASS COLEOIDEA (ALSO CALLED DIBRANCHIATA):
    - Rossia, Sepia, Spirula.
    - Architeuthis, Bathyteuthis, Chiroteuthis, Doryteuthis, Dosidiscus, Gonatus, Histioteuthis, Illex, Loligo, Lycoteuthis, Octopoteuthis, Ommastraphes.
    - Argonauta, Octopus, Opisthoteuchis, Stauroteuthis.
    - Vampyroteuthis.

PHYLUM NEMERTEA (Schultze 1851)
- CLASS ANOPLA (2 ORDERS)
  - Carinoma, Hubrechtella, Tubulanus, Cepahalothrix, Baseodiscus, Lineus, Cerebratulus, Micrura, Paralineus.
- CLASS ENOPLA (2 ORDERS)
  - Annulonemertes, Carcinonemertes, Emplectonema, Geonemertes, Paranemertes, Prostoma, Amphiporus, Hubrechtonemertes, Nectonemertes, Pelagonemertes, Malacobdella.

PHYLUM RHOMBOZOA (van Beneden 1876)
- CLASS RHOMBOZOIDA (2 ORDERS)
  - Conocyema, Dicyema, Dicyemennea, Microcyema, Pseudicyema.

PHYLUM ORTHONECTOZOA (Giard 1877)
- CLASS ORTHONECTIDA (1 ORDER).
  - Ciliocincta, Rhopalura, Stoecharthrum.

BRACHIOZOA (Helmkampf et al. 2008)

PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA (Dumeril 1806)
- CLASS INARTICULATA (2 ORDERS)
  - Crania, Discinisca, Glottidia, Lingula, Pelagodiscus.
- CLASS ARTICULATATA (3 ORDERS)
  - Argyrotheca, Chilidonophora, Dallina, Gryphus, Hemithyris, Lacazella, Laqueus, Liothyrella, Magellania, Orthis, Terebratula, Terebratulina, Terrebratella, Thecidellina, Trichosina.

PHYLUM PHORONIDA (Hatschek 1888)
- CLASS PHORONATA
  - Phoronis, Phoronopsis

POLYZOA (Thompson 1830)

PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA (BRYOZOA) (Nitsche 1869)
- CLASS PHYLACTOLAEMATA (1 ORDER)
  - Cristatella, Hydinella, Pectinatella, Lophopus, Lophopodella, Plumatella.
- CLASS STENOLAEMATA (1 ORDER)
  - Actinopora, Crisia, Diaperoecia, Disporella, Idmodronea, Tubulipora.
- CLASS GYMNOLAEMATA (2 ORDERS)
  - Aethozoon, Alcyonidium, Alcyonium, Amathia, Bowerbankia, Flustrellidra, Nolella, Tubiporella, Victorella.
  - Bugula, Callopora, Carbasea, Cellaria, Clavopora, Conopaeum, Cornucopina, Cribilaria, Cryptosula, Cupuladria, Electra, Eurystomella, Flustra, Hippothoa, Membranipora, Metrabdotus, Microporella, Pentapora, Pherusella, Porella, Pyripora, Rhamphostomella, Schizoporella, Thalamoporella, Tricellaria.

PHYLUM ENTOPROCTA (Nitsche 1870)
- CLASS ENTOPROCTIDA
  - Urnatella, Loxosoma, Loxosomella, Loxokalypus, Myosoma, Pedicellina, Bartensia, Gonypodaria.

PHYLUM CYCLIOPHORA (Funch and Kristensen 2005)
- CLASS CYCLIOPHORIDA
  - Symbion.

PLATYZOA (Cavalier-Smith 1998)

PHYLUM GASTROTRICHA (Metschnikoff 1865)
- CLASS GASTROTRICHIDA
  - Chaetonotus, Tetranchyroderma, Dactylopodula, Macrodasys, Platydasys, Pleurodasys, Turbanella, Urodasys, Neodasys, Aspidophorus, Dasydytes, Lepidodermella.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (Gegenbaur 1859)
- CLASS TURBELLARIA (12 ORDERS)
  - Amphiscolopus, Convoluta, Haplogonaria, Polychoerus, Catenula, Paracatenula, Dugesia (Planaria), Stenostomum, Haplopharynx, Gnosnesma, Prorhynchus, Macrostomum, Microstomum, Flagellophora, Meara, Nemertoderma, Eurylepta, Hoploplana, Leptoplana, Notoplana, Planocera, Prostheceraeus, Pseudoceros, Stylochus, Thysanozoon, Plagiostomum, Urostoma, Proplicastoma, Nemertoplana, Octoplana, Taboata, Callastoma, Graffilla, Pterastricola, Kytorhynchus, Mesostoma, Typhlorhynchus, Cheliplana, Cystiplex, Gnathorhynchus, Gyratrix, Temnocephala, Bdelloura, Bipalium, Crenobia, Geoplana, Polycelis, Procotyla.
- CLASS MONOGENEA (2 SUBCLASSES, EACH WITH A SINGLE ORDER)
  - SUBCLASS MONOPISTHOCOTYLEA
    - Polystoma, Gyrodactylus.
  - SUBCLASS POLYOPISOTHOCOTYLEA
    - Diplozoon
- CLASS TREMATODA (6 ORDERS DISTRIBUTED THROUGH 2 SUBCLASSES)
  - SUBCLASS DIGENEA
    - Echinostoma, Fasciola, Microphallus, Opisthorchis (Clonorchis), Sanguinicola, Schistosoma.
- CLASS CESTODA (2 SUBCLASSES)
  - SUBCLASS CESTODARIA (2 ORDERS)
    - Amphilina, Gyrocotyl, Gyrometra.
  - SUBCLASS EUCESTODA (12 ORDERS)
    - Diphyllobothrium, Taenia, Dipylidium, Hymenolepis, Moniezia, Echinococcus.

GNATHIFERA (Kristensen and Funch 2000)

PHYLUM GNATHOSTOMULIDA (Ax 1956) or (Sterrer 1972)
- CLASS UNNAMED (2 ORDERS)
  - Gnathostomula, Problognathia, Haplognathia, Pterognathia, Austrognathia.

PHYLUM MICROGNATHOZOA (Kristensen and Funch 2000)
- CLASS UNNAMED
  - ORDER LIMNOGNATHIDA Kristensen and Funch 2000

PHYLUM SYNDERMATA (Zryavz 2001 or Ahlrichs 1995)) [=ROTIFERA]
- CLASS SEISONIDEA (1 ORDER)
  - Seison.
- CLASS BDELLOIDEA (1 ORDER)
  - Philodina, Embata, Rotaria, Adineta.
- CLASS MONOGONATA (3 ORDERS)
  - Notommata, Proales, Polyarthra, Synchaeta, Chronogaster, Gastropus, Brachionus, Asplanchna, Euchlanis, Keratella, Conochilus, Floscularia, Hexarthra, Testudinella, Stephanoceros, Collotheca, Epiphanes.
- CLASS ACANTHOCEPHALA
  - SUBCLASS ARCHIACANTHOCEPHALA (4 ORDERS)
    - Macrocanthorhynchus, Moniliformis, Oligacanthorhynchus.
  - SUBCLASS EOCANTHOCEPHALA (2 ORDERS)
    - Neochinorhynchus, Pallisentis, Bolbosoma.
  - SUBCLASS PALEACANTHOCEPHALA (2 ORDERS)
    - Acanthocephalus, Centrorhynchus, Corynosoma, Echinorhynchus, Leptorhynchoides, Polymorphus.

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By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 01/31/2012

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPIRALIA (GIRIBET 2002)

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