Skip to content

SYNOPTIC DESCRIPTION OF PHYLUM CERCOZOA

SYNOPTIC DESCRIPTION OF PHYLUM CERCOZOA

EUKARYA> CHROMALVEOLATA> RHIZARIAE> CERCOZOA
CERCOZOA LINKS

Introduction

Hierarchical Classification

Descriptions of the phylum come from Kudo (1966), Grell (1976), Cachon et al. (1990), Febvre (1990), Febvre-Chevalier (1990), Patterson (1999), Swale and Belcher 1974, Beech and Moestrup 1986; Patterson and Zolffel 1991.

I. SYNONYMS: Sarcodina (some), radiolaria (some), amoboeflagellates (some), heliozoans (some).

II. NUMBER: > 1,000 species.

III. PHYLUM CHARACTERISTICS

  • A. Structure
    • Cell Form: Unicells that may have radiating axopods (text with tooltip) An axopod is a thin pseudopodium that is permanent and stiff due to the presence of an internal microtubular structure. This is characteristic of the Actinopodotista. , filose pseudopods, or flagella.
    • Flagella: Motile cells with paired heterodynamic flagella (text with tooltip) Heterodynamic flagella occur on the same cell but beat with different patterns (e.g. anterior-posterior). (one directed anteriorly (text with tooltip) An anteriorly-directed flagellum extends in the direction of the motion of the motile cell. The interpretation is that the flagellum functions by pulling the cell. and the other directed posteriorly (text with tooltip) Recurrent flagella bend to the posterior end of the cell. Typically, they are identified as recurrent when anteriorly-directed flagella are present. ).
    • Basal Bodies: Probably perpendicular (text with tooltip) Basal bodies are perpendicular (or orthogonal) when their orientation relative to each other is at a right angle. .
    • Cell Covering : Some with silicaceous scales (text with tooltip) Silica is silicon dioxide (SiO2). , mineralized cytoskeleton or organic test (text with tooltip) A test is an external covering that is secreted or constructed by secretions from the cell. I distinguish it from a cell wall in that a test is not appressed to the plasmalemma. In fact, sometimes the cell can leave the test entirely. .
    • Chloroplasts: Some with endosymbiotic (text with tooltip) An endosymbiont is a living cell that has become symbiotic within the host cell. Thus, the endosymbiont and the host become interdependent. Mitochondria and chloroplasts (among others) are common endosymbionts. dinoflagellates or haptophytes.
    • Food Reserves: Oil.
    • Mitochondria: Present with tubular cristae (text with tooltip) Mitochondrial cristae that form as extended saccate structures or tubes are called tubular cristae. .
    • Golgi (text with tooltip) Golgi apparatus (also called dictyosome) is an internal membrane system of stacked flattened sacs. They occur in nearly all eukaryotes and are involved in storing and secreting cellular products. : Present.
    • Nucleus: Some (maybe all) with nucleolus; Phaeodarians surround nucleus with a mineralized capsule that has three openings.
    • Centrioles: Probably occur.
    • Inclusions and Ejectile Organelles: Food vacuoles.
  • B. Mitosis, Meiosis and Life History
    • Mitosis: Likely closed (text with tooltip) Mitosis is closed when the segregation of daughter chromosomes occurs within the bounds of the nuclear membrane (the nuclear membrane does not break down). with internal spindle.
    • Meiosis: Probably occurs, but it has not been described.
    • Sexual Reproduction and Life History: Poorly understood; life histories have been characterized for very few species.
  • C. Ecology: Epiphytes, plankters; flagellated forms mostly creeping; mostly marine, some freshwater Most are holozoic.
LITERATURE CITED

Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, M. A. Farmer, R. A. Andersen, O. R. Anderson, J. R. Barta, S. S. Bowser, G. Brugerolle, R. A. Fensome, S. Fredericq, T. Y. James, S. Karpov, P. Kugrens, J. Krug, C. E. Lane, L. A. Lewis, J. Lodge, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. M. McCourt, L. Mendoza, O. Moestrup, S. E. Mozley-Standridge, T. A. Nerad, C. A. Shearer, A. V. Smirnov, F. W. Spiegel, and M. F. J. R. Taylor. 2005. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52(5):399-451.

Archibald, J. M. and P. J. Keeling. 2004a. Actin and ubiquitin protein sequences support a cercozoan/foraminiferan ancestry for the plasmodiophorid plant pathogens. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 51(1):113-118.

Archibald, J. M., D. Longet, J. Palowski, and P. J. Keeling. 2003. A novel plolyubiquitin structure in Cercozoa and Foraminifera: Evidence for a new eukaryotic supergroup. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20:62-66.

Bass, D., D. Moreira, P. Lopez-Garcia, S. Polet, E. E. Chao, S. von der Heyden, J. Pawlowski, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. Protist. 156: 149-161.

Bass, D., E. E.-Y. Chao, S. Nikolaev, A. Yabuki, K. Ishida, C. Berney, U. Pakzad, C. Wylezich, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2009. Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised. Protist. 160: 75-109.

Beech, P. L. and Ø. Moestrup. 1986 Light and electron microscopical observations on the heterotrophic protist Thaumatomastix salina comb. nov. (syn. Chrysosphaerella salina) and its allies. Nordic Journal of Botany. 6(6): 865 – 877.

Bhattacharya, D. T., and M. Melkonian. 1995. The Phylogeny of plastids: A review based on comparisons of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions. Journal of Phycology. 31: 489-498. [L]

Cachon, J., M. Cachon and K. W. Estep. 1990. Polycystina and Phaerodaria. In: Margulis, L., J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the Structure, Cultivation, Habits and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 334-346.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002a. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. International Journal of Systematic Evolutionary Microbiology. 52:297–354.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003a. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European Journal of Protistology. 39:338-348.

Cavalier-Smith, T. and E. E. Chao. 2003a. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist. 154: 341-358.

Chantangsi, C, and B. S. Leander. 2010. An SSU rDNA barcoding approach to the diversity of marine interstitial cercozoans, including descriptions of four novel genera and nine novel species. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60: 1962-1977.

Febvre, J. 1990. Acantharia. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 363-379.

Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1985. Class Heliozoea. In: Lee, J. J., S.H. Hunter, and E. C. Bovee, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 302-317.

Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1990. Heliozoa. In: Margulis, L., J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D. J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 347-362.

Grell, K. G. 1973. Protozoology. Springer-Verlag. New York.

Hibberd, D. J. and R. E. Norris. 1984. Cytology and ultrastructure of Chlorarachnion reptans (Chlorarachniophyta divisio nova, Chlorarachniophyceae classis nova). Journal of Phycology. 20: 310–330.

Hibberd, D. J. 1990a. Xanthophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, and D.J. Chapman, eds. 1990. Handbook of the Protoctista; the structure, cultivation, habits and life histories of the eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston. pp. 686-697. [L]

Howe, A. T., D. Bass, J. M. Scoble, R. Lewis, K. Vickerman, H. Arndt, and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2011. Novel cultured protists identify deep-branching environmental DNA clades of Cercozoa: new genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifilia, Peregrinia. Protist. 162: 332-372.

Ishida, K., N. Ishida, and Y. Hara. 2000. Lotharella amoeboformis sp. nov.: a new species of chlorarachniophytes from Japan. Phycological Research. 48:221-229.

Kudo, R.R. 1966. Protozoology. 5th ed. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Springfield.

Kuhn, S., M. Lange, and L. K. Medlin. 2000. Phylogenetic position of Cryothecomonas inferred from nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA. Protist. 151: 337-345.

Longet, D., J. M. Archibald, P. J. Keeling, and J. Pawlowski. 2003. Foraminifera and Cercozoa share a common origin according to RNA polymerase II phylogenies. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53: 1735-1739.

McFadden, G. I, P. R. Gilson, and C. J. B. Hofmann. 1997b. Division Chlorarachniophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.

Nikolaev, S. I., C. Berney, J. Fahrni, A. P. Mylnikov, N. B. Petrov, and J. Pawlowski. 2003. Genetic relationships between desmothoracid Heliozoa and Gymnophryid amoebas as evidenced by comparison of the nucleotide sequences of 18S rRNA genes. Doklady Biol. Sci. 393:553-556.

Nikolaev, S. I., C. Berney, J. Fahrni, I. Bolivar, S. Polet, A. P. Mylnikov, V. V. Aleshin, N. B. Petrov, and J. Pawlowski. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 101(21): 8066-8071.

Patterson, D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist. 154 (Suppl.): S96–S124.

Patterson, D. J. and M. Zölffel. 1991. Heterotrophic flagellates of uncertain taxonomic position. In: Patterson, D. J. and J. Larsen, eds. The Biology of Free-Living heterotrophic Flagellates. Clarendon Press. Oxford. pp. 427-475.

Swale, E. M. F. and J. H. Belcher. 1974. Gyromitus disomatus Skuja – a free-living colourless flagellate. Archiv Protistenkunde. 116: 211-220.

Takahashi, K. and O. R. Anderson 2000. Class Phaeodarea. In Lee, J. J., G. F. Leedale, and P. Bradbury, eds. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, Second Edition, vol. 2. Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. pp. 981-994.

Takahashi, O., T. Yuasa, D. Honda, and S. Mayama. Molecular phylogeny of solitary shell-bearing Polycystinea (Radiolaria). Review de Micropaleontologie. 47: 111-118.

Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, and H. M. Jahns. 1995. Algae, An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. [C,L]

Wylezich, C., R. Meisterfeld, S. Meisterfeld, and M. Schlegel. 2002. Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions reveal a monophyletic lineage of euglyphid testate amoebae (Order Euglyphida). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 49(2): 108-118.
By Jack R. Holt. Last revised: 02/23/2013
Print Friendly, PDF & Email

Document Footer

Skip to toolbar